git(1) — Linux manual page

NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | GIT COMMANDS | HIGH-LEVEL COMMANDS (PORCELAIN) | LOW-LEVEL COMMANDS (PLUMBING) | GUIDES | REPOSITORY, COMMAND AND FILE INTERFACES | FILE FORMATS, PROTOCOLS AND OTHER DEVELOPER INTERFACES | CONFIGURATION MECHANISM | IDENTIFIER TERMINOLOGY | SYMBOLIC IDENTIFIERS | FILE/DIRECTORY STRUCTURE | TERMINOLOGY | ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES | DISCUSSION | FURTHER DOCUMENTATION | AUTHORS | REPORTING BUGS | SEE ALSO | GIT | NOTES | COLOPHON

GIT(1)                         Git Manual                         GIT(1)

NAME         top

       git - the stupid content tracker

SYNOPSIS         top

       git [-v | --version] [-h | --help] [-C <path>] [-c <name>=<value>]
           [--exec-path[=<path>]] [--html-path] [--man-path] [--info-path]
           [-p|--paginate|-P|--no-pager] [--no-replace-objects] [--bare]
           [--git-dir=<path>] [--work-tree=<path>] [--namespace=<name>]
           [--config-env=<name>=<envvar>] <command> [<args>]

DESCRIPTION         top

       Git is a fast, scalable, distributed revision control system with
       an unusually rich command set that provides both high-level
       operations and full access to internals.

       See gittutorial(7) to get started, then see giteveryday(7) for a
       useful minimum set of commands. The Git User’s Manual[1] has a
       more in-depth introduction.

       After you mastered the basic concepts, you can come back to this
       page to learn what commands Git offers. You can learn more about
       individual Git commands with "git help command". gitcli(7) manual
       page gives you an overview of the command-line command syntax.

       A formatted and hyperlinked copy of the latest Git documentation
       can be viewed at https://git.github.io/htmldocs/git.html or
       https://git-scm.com/docs .

OPTIONS         top

       -v, --version
           Prints the Git suite version that the git program came from.

           This option is internally converted to git version ...  and
           accepts the same options as the git-version(1) command. If
           --help is also given, it takes precedence over --version.

       -h, --help
           Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used
           commands. If the option --all or -a is given then all
           available commands are printed. If a Git command is named
           this option will bring up the manual page for that command.

           Other options are available to control how the manual page is
           displayed. See git-help(1) for more information, because git
           --help ...  is converted internally into git help ....

       -C <path>
           Run as if git was started in <path> instead of the current
           working directory. When multiple -C options are given, each
           subsequent non-absolute -C <path> is interpreted relative to
           the preceding -C <path>. If <path> is present but empty, e.g.
           -C "", then the current working directory is left unchanged.

           This option affects options that expect path name like
           --git-dir and --work-tree in that their interpretations of
           the path names would be made relative to the working
           directory caused by the -C option. For example the following
           invocations are equivalent:

               git --git-dir=a.git --work-tree=b -C c status
               git --git-dir=c/a.git --work-tree=c/b status

       -c <name>=<value>
           Pass a configuration parameter to the command. The value
           given will override values from configuration files. The
           <name> is expected in the same format as listed by git config
           (subkeys separated by dots).

           Note that omitting the = in git -c foo.bar ...  is allowed
           and sets foo.bar to the boolean true value (just like
           [foo]bar would in a config file). Including the equals but
           with an empty value (like git -c foo.bar= ...) sets foo.bar
           to the empty string which git config --type=bool will convert
           to false.

       --config-env=<name>=<envvar>
           Like -c <name>=<value>, give configuration variable <name> a
           value, where <envvar> is the name of an environment variable
           from which to retrieve the value. Unlike -c there is no
           shortcut for directly setting the value to an empty string,
           instead the environment variable itself must be set to the
           empty string. It is an error if the <envvar> does not exist
           in the environment.  <envvar> may not contain an equals sign
           to avoid ambiguity with <name> containing one.

           This is useful for cases where you want to pass transitory
           configuration options to git, but are doing so on operating
           systems where other processes might be able to read your
           command line (e.g.  /proc/self/cmdline), but not your
           environment (e.g.  /proc/self/environ). That behavior is the
           default on Linux, but may not be on your system.

           Note that this might add security for variables such as
           http.extraHeader where the sensitive information is part of
           the value, but not e.g.  url.<base>.insteadOf where the
           sensitive information can be part of the key.

       --exec-path[=<path>]
           Path to wherever your core Git programs are installed. This
           can also be controlled by setting the GIT_EXEC_PATH
           environment variable. If no path is given, git will print the
           current setting and then exit.

       --html-path
           Print the path, without trailing slash, where Git’s HTML
           documentation is installed and exit.

       --man-path
           Print the manpath (see man(1)) for the man pages for this
           version of Git and exit.

       --info-path
           Print the path where the Info files documenting this version
           of Git are installed and exit.

       -p, --paginate
           Pipe all output into less (or if set, $PAGER) if standard
           output is a terminal. This overrides the pager.<cmd>
           configuration options (see the "Configuration Mechanism"
           section below).

       -P, --no-pager
           Do not pipe Git output into a pager.

       --git-dir=<path>
           Set the path to the repository (".git" directory). This can
           also be controlled by setting the GIT_DIR environment
           variable. It can be an absolute path or relative path to
           current working directory.

           Specifying the location of the ".git" directory using this
           option (or GIT_DIR environment variable) turns off the
           repository discovery that tries to find a directory with
           ".git" subdirectory (which is how the repository and the
           top-level of the working tree are discovered), and tells Git
           that you are at the top level of the working tree. If you are
           not at the top-level directory of the working tree, you
           should tell Git where the top-level of the working tree is,
           with the --work-tree=<path> option (or GIT_WORK_TREE
           environment variable)

           If you just want to run git as if it was started in <path>
           then use git -C <path>.

       --work-tree=<path>
           Set the path to the working tree. It can be an absolute path
           or a path relative to the current working directory. This can
           also be controlled by setting the GIT_WORK_TREE environment
           variable and the core.worktree configuration variable (see
           core.worktree in git-config(1) for a more detailed
           discussion).

       --namespace=<path>
           Set the Git namespace. See gitnamespaces(7) for more details.
           Equivalent to setting the GIT_NAMESPACE environment variable.

       --bare
           Treat the repository as a bare repository. If GIT_DIR
           environment is not set, it is set to the current working
           directory.

       --no-replace-objects
           Do not use replacement refs to replace Git objects. See
           git-replace(1) for more information.

       --literal-pathspecs
           Treat pathspecs literally (i.e. no globbing, no pathspec
           magic). This is equivalent to setting the
           GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS environment variable to 1.

       --glob-pathspecs
           Add "glob" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to
           setting the GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS environment variable to 1.
           Disabling globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using
           pathspec magic ":(literal)"

       --noglob-pathspecs
           Add "literal" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to
           setting the GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS environment variable to 1.
           Enabling globbing on individual pathspecs can be done using
           pathspec magic ":(glob)"

       --icase-pathspecs
           Add "icase" magic to all pathspec. This is equivalent to
           setting the GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS environment variable to 1.

       --no-optional-locks
           Do not perform optional operations that require locks. This
           is equivalent to setting the GIT_OPTIONAL_LOCKS to 0.

       --list-cmds=group[,group...]
           List commands by group. This is an internal/experimental
           option and may change or be removed in the future. Supported
           groups are: builtins, parseopt (builtin commands that use
           parse-options), main (all commands in libexec directory),
           others (all other commands in $PATH that have git- prefix),
           list-<category> (see categories in command-list.txt),
           nohelpers (exclude helper commands), alias and config
           (retrieve command list from config variable
           completion.commands)

       --attr-source=<tree-ish>
           Read gitattributes from <tree-ish> instead of the worktree.
           See gitattributes(5). This is equivalent to setting the
           GIT_ATTR_SOURCE environment variable.

GIT COMMANDS         top

       We divide Git into high level ("porcelain") commands and low
       level ("plumbing") commands.

HIGH-LEVEL COMMANDS (PORCELAIN)         top

       We separate the porcelain commands into the main commands and
       some ancillary user utilities.

   Main porcelain commands
       git-add(1)
           Add file contents to the index.

       git-am(1)
           Apply a series of patches from a mailbox.

       git-archive(1)
           Create an archive of files from a named tree.

       git-bisect(1)
           Use binary search to find the commit that introduced a bug.

       git-branch(1)
           List, create, or delete branches.

       git-bundle(1)
           Move objects and refs by archive.

       git-checkout(1)
           Switch branches or restore working tree files.

       git-cherry-pick(1)
           Apply the changes introduced by some existing commits.

       git-citool(1)
           Graphical alternative to git-commit.

       git-clean(1)
           Remove untracked files from the working tree.

       git-clone(1)
           Clone a repository into a new directory.

       git-commit(1)
           Record changes to the repository.

       git-describe(1)
           Give an object a human readable name based on an available
           ref.

       git-diff(1)
           Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc.

       git-fetch(1)
           Download objects and refs from another repository.

       git-format-patch(1)
           Prepare patches for e-mail submission.

       git-gc(1)
           Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repository.

       git-grep(1)
           Print lines matching a pattern.

       git-gui(1)
           A portable graphical interface to Git.

       git-init(1)
           Create an empty Git repository or reinitialize an existing
           one.

       git-log(1)
           Show commit logs.

       git-maintenance(1)
           Run tasks to optimize Git repository data.

       git-merge(1)
           Join two or more development histories together.

       git-mv(1)
           Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink.

       git-notes(1)
           Add or inspect object notes.

       git-pull(1)
           Fetch from and integrate with another repository or a local
           branch.

       git-push(1)
           Update remote refs along with associated objects.

       git-range-diff(1)
           Compare two commit ranges (e.g. two versions of a branch).

       git-rebase(1)
           Reapply commits on top of another base tip.

       git-reset(1)
           Reset current HEAD to the specified state.

       git-restore(1)
           Restore working tree files.

       git-revert(1)
           Revert some existing commits.

       git-rm(1)
           Remove files from the working tree and from the index.

       git-shortlog(1)
           Summarize git log output.

       git-show(1)
           Show various types of objects.

       git-sparse-checkout(1)
           Reduce your working tree to a subset of tracked files.

       git-stash(1)
           Stash the changes in a dirty working directory away.

       git-status(1)
           Show the working tree status.

       git-submodule(1)
           Initialize, update or inspect submodules.

       git-switch(1)
           Switch branches.

       git-tag(1)
           Create, list, delete or verify a tag object signed with GPG.

       git-worktree(1)
           Manage multiple working trees.

       gitk(1)
           The Git repository browser.

       scalar(1)
           A tool for managing large Git repositories.

   Ancillary Commands
       Manipulators:

       git-config(1)
           Get and set repository or global options.

       git-fast-export(1)
           Git data exporter.

       git-fast-import(1)
           Backend for fast Git data importers.

       git-filter-branch(1)
           Rewrite branches.

       git-mergetool(1)
           Run merge conflict resolution tools to resolve merge
           conflicts.

       git-pack-refs(1)
           Pack heads and tags for efficient repository access.

       git-prune(1)
           Prune all unreachable objects from the object database.

       git-reflog(1)
           Manage reflog information.

       git-remote(1)
           Manage set of tracked repositories.

       git-repack(1)
           Pack unpacked objects in a repository.

       git-replace(1)
           Create, list, delete refs to replace objects.

       Interrogators:

       git-annotate(1)
           Annotate file lines with commit information.

       git-blame(1)
           Show what revision and author last modified each line of a
           file.

       git-bugreport(1)
           Collect information for user to file a bug report.

       git-count-objects(1)
           Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption.

       git-diagnose(1)
           Generate a zip archive of diagnostic information.

       git-difftool(1)
           Show changes using common diff tools.

       git-fsck(1)
           Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the
           database.

       git-help(1)
           Display help information about Git.

       git-instaweb(1)
           Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb.

       git-merge-tree(1)
           Perform merge without touching index or working tree.

       git-rerere(1)
           Reuse recorded resolution of conflicted merges.

       git-show-branch(1)
           Show branches and their commits.

       git-verify-commit(1)
           Check the GPG signature of commits.

       git-verify-tag(1)
           Check the GPG signature of tags.

       git-version(1)
           Display version information about Git.

       git-whatchanged(1)
           Show logs with differences each commit introduces.

       gitweb(1)
           Git web interface (web frontend to Git repositories).

   Interacting with Others
       These commands are to interact with foreign SCM and with other
       people via patch over e-mail.

       git-archimport(1)
           Import a GNU Arch repository into Git.

       git-cvsexportcommit(1)
           Export a single commit to a CVS checkout.

       git-cvsimport(1)
           Salvage your data out of another SCM people love to hate.

       git-cvsserver(1)
           A CVS server emulator for Git.

       git-imap-send(1)
           Send a collection of patches from stdin to an IMAP folder.

       git-p4(1)
           Import from and submit to Perforce repositories.

       git-quiltimport(1)
           Applies a quilt patchset onto the current branch.

       git-request-pull(1)
           Generates a summary of pending changes.

       git-send-email(1)
           Send a collection of patches as emails.

       git-svn(1)
           Bidirectional operation between a Subversion repository and
           Git.

   Reset, restore and revert
       There are three commands with similar names: git reset, git
       restore and git revert.

       •   git-revert(1) is about making a new commit that reverts the
           changes made by other commits.

       •   git-restore(1) is about restoring files in the working tree
           from either the index or another commit. This command does
           not update your branch. The command can also be used to
           restore files in the index from another commit.

       •   git-reset(1) is about updating your branch, moving the tip in
           order to add or remove commits from the branch. This
           operation changes the commit history.

           git reset can also be used to restore the index, overlapping
           with git restore.

LOW-LEVEL COMMANDS (PLUMBING)         top

       Although Git includes its own porcelain layer, its low-level
       commands are sufficient to support development of alternative
       porcelains. Developers of such porcelains might start by reading
       about git-update-index(1) and git-read-tree(1).

       The interface (input, output, set of options and the semantics)
       to these low-level commands are meant to be a lot more stable
       than Porcelain level commands, because these commands are
       primarily for scripted use. The interface to Porcelain commands
       on the other hand are subject to change in order to improve the
       end user experience.

       The following description divides the low-level commands into
       commands that manipulate objects (in the repository, index, and
       working tree), commands that interrogate and compare objects, and
       commands that move objects and references between repositories.

   Manipulation commands
       git-apply(1)
           Apply a patch to files and/or to the index.

       git-checkout-index(1)
           Copy files from the index to the working tree.

       git-commit-graph(1)
           Write and verify Git commit-graph files.

       git-commit-tree(1)
           Create a new commit object.

       git-hash-object(1)
           Compute object ID and optionally create an object from a
           file.

       git-index-pack(1)
           Build pack index file for an existing packed archive.

       git-merge-file(1)
           Run a three-way file merge.

       git-merge-index(1)
           Run a merge for files needing merging.

       git-mktag(1)
           Creates a tag object with extra validation.

       git-mktree(1)
           Build a tree-object from ls-tree formatted text.

       git-multi-pack-index(1)
           Write and verify multi-pack-indexes.

       git-pack-objects(1)
           Create a packed archive of objects.

       git-prune-packed(1)
           Remove extra objects that are already in pack files.

       git-read-tree(1)
           Reads tree information into the index.

       git-replay(1)
           EXPERIMENTAL: Replay commits on a new base, works with bare
           repos too.

       git-symbolic-ref(1)
           Read, modify and delete symbolic refs.

       git-unpack-objects(1)
           Unpack objects from a packed archive.

       git-update-index(1)
           Register file contents in the working tree to the index.

       git-update-ref(1)
           Update the object name stored in a ref safely.

       git-write-tree(1)
           Create a tree object from the current index.

   Interrogation commands
       git-cat-file(1)
           Provide contents or details of repository objects.

       git-cherry(1)
           Find commits yet to be applied to upstream.

       git-diff-files(1)
           Compares files in the working tree and the index.

       git-diff-index(1)
           Compare a tree to the working tree or index.

       git-diff-tree(1)
           Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree
           objects.

       git-for-each-ref(1)
           Output information on each ref.

       git-for-each-repo(1)
           Run a Git command on a list of repositories.

       git-get-tar-commit-id(1)
           Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-archive.

       git-ls-files(1)
           Show information about files in the index and the working
           tree.

       git-ls-remote(1)
           List references in a remote repository.

       git-ls-tree(1)
           List the contents of a tree object.

       git-merge-base(1)
           Find as good common ancestors as possible for a merge.

       git-name-rev(1)
           Find symbolic names for given revs.

       git-pack-redundant(1)
           Find redundant pack files.

       git-rev-list(1)
           Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order.

       git-rev-parse(1)
           Pick out and massage parameters.

       git-show-index(1)
           Show packed archive index.

       git-show-ref(1)
           List references in a local repository.

       git-unpack-file(1)
           Creates a temporary file with a blob’s contents.

       git-var(1)
           Show a Git logical variable.

       git-verify-pack(1)
           Validate packed Git archive files.

       In general, the interrogate commands do not touch the files in
       the working tree.

   Syncing repositories
       git-daemon(1)
           A really simple server for Git repositories.

       git-fetch-pack(1)
           Receive missing objects from another repository.

       git-http-backend(1)
           Server side implementation of Git over HTTP.

       git-send-pack(1)
           Push objects over Git protocol to another repository.

       git-update-server-info(1)
           Update auxiliary info file to help dumb servers.

       The following are helper commands used by the above; end users
       typically do not use them directly.

       git-http-fetch(1)
           Download from a remote Git repository via HTTP.

       git-http-push(1)
           Push objects over HTTP/DAV to another repository.

       git-receive-pack(1)
           Receive what is pushed into the repository.

       git-shell(1)
           Restricted login shell for Git-only SSH access.

       git-upload-archive(1)
           Send archive back to git-archive.

       git-upload-pack(1)
           Send objects packed back to git-fetch-pack.

   Internal helper commands
       These are internal helper commands used by other commands; end
       users typically do not use them directly.

       git-check-attr(1)
           Display gitattributes information.

       git-check-ignore(1)
           Debug gitignore / exclude files.

       git-check-mailmap(1)
           Show canonical names and email addresses of contacts.

       git-check-ref-format(1)
           Ensures that a reference name is well formed.

       git-column(1)
           Display data in columns.

       git-credential(1)
           Retrieve and store user credentials.

       git-credential-cache(1)
           Helper to temporarily store passwords in memory.

       git-credential-store(1)
           Helper to store credentials on disk.

       git-fmt-merge-msg(1)
           Produce a merge commit message.

       git-hook(1)
           Run git hooks.

       git-interpret-trailers(1)
           Add or parse structured information in commit messages.

       git-mailinfo(1)
           Extracts patch and authorship from a single e-mail message.

       git-mailsplit(1)
           Simple UNIX mbox splitter program.

       git-merge-one-file(1)
           The standard helper program to use with git-merge-index.

       git-patch-id(1)
           Compute unique ID for a patch.

       git-sh-i18n(1)
           Git’s i18n setup code for shell scripts.

       git-sh-setup(1)
           Common Git shell script setup code.

       git-stripspace(1)
           Remove unnecessary whitespace.

GUIDES         top

       The following documentation pages are guides about Git concepts.

       gitcore-tutorial(7)
           A Git core tutorial for developers.

       gitcredentials(7)
           Providing usernames and passwords to Git.

       gitcvs-migration(7)
           Git for CVS users.

       gitdiffcore(7)
           Tweaking diff output.

       giteveryday(7)
           A useful minimum set of commands for Everyday Git.

       gitfaq(7)
           Frequently asked questions about using Git.

       gitglossary(7)
           A Git Glossary.

       gitnamespaces(7)
           Git namespaces.

       gitremote-helpers(7)
           Helper programs to interact with remote repositories.

       gitsubmodules(7)
           Mounting one repository inside another.

       gittutorial(7)
           A tutorial introduction to Git.

       gittutorial-2(7)
           A tutorial introduction to Git: part two.

       gitworkflows(7)
           An overview of recommended workflows with Git.

REPOSITORY, COMMAND AND FILE INTERFACES         top

       This documentation discusses repository and command interfaces
       which users are expected to interact with directly. See
       --user-formats in git-help(1) for more details on the criteria.

       gitattributes(5)
           Defining attributes per path.

       gitcli(7)
           Git command-line interface and conventions.

       githooks(5)
           Hooks used by Git.

       gitignore(5)
           Specifies intentionally untracked files to ignore.

       gitmailmap(5)
           Map author/committer names and/or E-Mail addresses.

       gitmodules(5)
           Defining submodule properties.

       gitrepository-layout(5)
           Git Repository Layout.

       gitrevisions(7)
           Specifying revisions and ranges for Git.

FILE FORMATS, PROTOCOLS AND OTHER DEVELOPER INTERFACES         top

       This documentation discusses file formats, over-the-wire
       protocols and other git developer interfaces. See
       --developer-interfaces in git-help(1).

       gitformat-bundle(5)
           The bundle file format.

       gitformat-chunk(5)
           Chunk-based file formats.

       gitformat-commit-graph(5)
           Git commit-graph format.

       gitformat-index(5)
           Git index format.

       gitformat-pack(5)
           Git pack format.

       gitformat-signature(5)
           Git cryptographic signature formats.

       gitprotocol-capabilities(5)
           Protocol v0 and v1 capabilities.

       gitprotocol-common(5)
           Things common to various protocols.

       gitprotocol-http(5)
           Git HTTP-based protocols.

       gitprotocol-pack(5)
           How packs are transferred over-the-wire.

       gitprotocol-v2(5)
           Git Wire Protocol, Version 2.

CONFIGURATION MECHANISM         top

       Git uses a simple text format to store customizations that are
       per repository and are per user. Such a configuration file may
       look like this:

           #
           # A '#' or ';' character indicates a comment.
           #

           ; core variables
           [core]
                   ; Don't trust file modes
                   filemode = false

           ; user identity
           [user]
                   name = "Junio C Hamano"
                   email = "gitster@pobox.com"

       Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust
       their operation accordingly. See git-config(1) for a list and
       more details about the configuration mechanism.

IDENTIFIER TERMINOLOGY         top

       <object>
           Indicates the object name for any type of object.

       <blob>
           Indicates a blob object name.

       <tree>
           Indicates a tree object name.

       <commit>
           Indicates a commit object name.

       <tree-ish>
           Indicates a tree, commit or tag object name. A command that
           takes a <tree-ish> argument ultimately wants to operate on a
           <tree> object but automatically dereferences <commit> and
           <tag> objects that point at a <tree>.

       <commit-ish>
           Indicates a commit or tag object name. A command that takes a
           <commit-ish> argument ultimately wants to operate on a
           <commit> object but automatically dereferences <tag> objects
           that point at a <commit>.

       <type>
           Indicates that an object type is required. Currently one of:
           blob, tree, commit, or tag.

       <file>
           Indicates a filename - almost always relative to the root of
           the tree structure GIT_INDEX_FILE describes.

SYMBOLIC IDENTIFIERS         top

       Any Git command accepting any <object> can also use the following
       symbolic notation:

       HEAD
           indicates the head of the current branch.

       <tag>
           a valid tag name (i.e. a refs/tags/<tag> reference).

       <head>
           a valid head name (i.e. a refs/heads/<head> reference).

       For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
       "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in gitrevisions(7).

FILE/DIRECTORY STRUCTURE         top

       Please see the gitrepository-layout(5) document.

       Read githooks(5) for more details about each hook.

       Higher level SCMs may provide and manage additional information
       in the $GIT_DIR.

TERMINOLOGY         top

       Please see gitglossary(7).

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES         top

       Various Git commands pay attention to environment variables and
       change their behavior. The environment variables marked as
       "Boolean" take their values the same way as Boolean valued
       configuration variables, e.g. "true", "yes", "on" and positive
       numbers are taken as "yes".

       Here are the variables:

   The Git Repository
       These environment variables apply to all core Git commands. Nb:
       it is worth noting that they may be used/overridden by SCMS
       sitting above Git so take care if using a foreign front-end.

       GIT_INDEX_FILE
           This environment variable specifies an alternate index file.
           If not specified, the default of $GIT_DIR/index is used.

       GIT_INDEX_VERSION
           This environment variable specifies what index version is
           used when writing the index file out. It won’t affect
           existing index files. By default index file version 2 or 3 is
           used. See git-update-index(1) for more information.

       GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY
           If the object storage directory is specified via this
           environment variable then the sha1 directories are created
           underneath - otherwise the default $GIT_DIR/objects directory
           is used.

       GIT_ALTERNATE_OBJECT_DIRECTORIES
           Due to the immutable nature of Git objects, old objects can
           be archived into shared, read-only directories. This variable
           specifies a ":" separated (on Windows ";" separated) list of
           Git object directories which can be used to search for Git
           objects. New objects will not be written to these
           directories.

           Entries that begin with " (double-quote) will be interpreted
           as C-style quoted paths, removing leading and trailing
           double-quotes and respecting backslash escapes. E.g., the
           value "path-with-\"-and-:-in-it":vanilla-path has two paths:
           path-with-"-and-:-in-it and vanilla-path.

       GIT_DIR
           If the GIT_DIR environment variable is set then it specifies
           a path to use instead of the default .git for the base of the
           repository. The --git-dir command-line option also sets this
           value.

       GIT_WORK_TREE
           Set the path to the root of the working tree. This can also
           be controlled by the --work-tree command-line option and the
           core.worktree configuration variable.

       GIT_NAMESPACE
           Set the Git namespace; see gitnamespaces(7) for details. The
           --namespace command-line option also sets this value.

       GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES
           This should be a colon-separated list of absolute paths. If
           set, it is a list of directories that Git should not chdir up
           into while looking for a repository directory (useful for
           excluding slow-loading network directories). It will not
           exclude the current working directory or a GIT_DIR set on the
           command line or in the environment. Normally, Git has to read
           the entries in this list and resolve any symlink that might
           be present in order to compare them with the current
           directory. However, if even this access is slow, you can add
           an empty entry to the list to tell Git that the subsequent
           entries are not symlinks and needn’t be resolved; e.g.,
           GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES=/maybe/symlink::/very/slow/non/symlink.

       GIT_DISCOVERY_ACROSS_FILESYSTEM
           When run in a directory that does not have ".git" repository
           directory, Git tries to find such a directory in the parent
           directories to find the top of the working tree, but by
           default it does not cross filesystem boundaries. This Boolean
           environment variable can be set to true to tell Git not to
           stop at filesystem boundaries. Like GIT_CEILING_DIRECTORIES,
           this will not affect an explicit repository directory set via
           GIT_DIR or on the command line.

       GIT_COMMON_DIR
           If this variable is set to a path, non-worktree files that
           are normally in $GIT_DIR will be taken from this path
           instead. Worktree-specific files such as HEAD or index are
           taken from $GIT_DIR. See gitrepository-layout(5) and
           git-worktree(1) for details. This variable has lower
           precedence than other path variables such as GIT_INDEX_FILE,
           GIT_OBJECT_DIRECTORY...

       GIT_DEFAULT_HASH
           If this variable is set, the default hash algorithm for new
           repositories will be set to this value. This value is ignored
           when cloning and the setting of the remote repository is
           always used. The default is "sha1". See --object-format in
           git-init(1).

   Git Commits
       GIT_AUTHOR_NAME
           The human-readable name used in the author identity when
           creating commit or tag objects, or when writing reflogs.
           Overrides the user.name and author.name configuration
           settings.

       GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL
           The email address used in the author identity when creating
           commit or tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the
           user.email and author.email configuration settings.

       GIT_AUTHOR_DATE
           The date used for the author identity when creating commit or
           tag objects, or when writing reflogs. See git-commit(1) for
           valid formats.

       GIT_COMMITTER_NAME
           The human-readable name used in the committer identity when
           creating commit or tag objects, or when writing reflogs.
           Overrides the user.name and committer.name configuration
           settings.

       GIT_COMMITTER_EMAIL
           The email address used in the author identity when creating
           commit or tag objects, or when writing reflogs. Overrides the
           user.email and committer.email configuration settings.

       GIT_COMMITTER_DATE
           The date used for the committer identity when creating commit
           or tag objects, or when writing reflogs. See git-commit(1)
           for valid formats.

       EMAIL
           The email address used in the author and committer identities
           if no other relevant environment variable or configuration
           setting has been set.

   Git Diffs
       GIT_DIFF_OPTS
           Only valid setting is "--unified=??" or "-u??" to set the
           number of context lines shown when a unified diff is created.
           This takes precedence over any "-U" or "--unified" option
           value passed on the Git diff command line.

       GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF
           When the environment variable GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF is set, the
           program named by it is called to generate diffs, and Git does
           not use its builtin diff machinery. For a path that is added,
           removed, or modified, GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF is called with 7
           parameters:

               path old-file old-hex old-mode new-file new-hex new-mode

           where:

       <old|new>-file
           are files GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF can use to read the contents of
           <old|new>,

       <old|new>-hex
           are the 40-hexdigit SHA-1 hashes,

       <old|new>-mode
           are the octal representation of the file modes.

           The file parameters can point at the user’s working file
           (e.g.  new-file in "git-diff-files"), /dev/null (e.g.
           old-file when a new file is added), or a temporary file (e.g.
           old-file in the index).  GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF should not worry
           about unlinking the temporary file — it is removed when
           GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF exits.

           For a path that is unmerged, GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF is called with
           1 parameter, <path>.

           For each path GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF is called, two environment
           variables, GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER and GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL are
           set.

       GIT_DIFF_PATH_COUNTER
           A 1-based counter incremented by one for every path.

       GIT_DIFF_PATH_TOTAL
           The total number of paths.

   other
       GIT_MERGE_VERBOSITY
           A number controlling the amount of output shown by the
           recursive merge strategy. Overrides merge.verbosity. See
           git-merge(1)

       GIT_PAGER
           This environment variable overrides $PAGER. If it is set to
           an empty string or to the value "cat", Git will not launch a
           pager. See also the core.pager option in git-config(1).

       GIT_PROGRESS_DELAY
           A number controlling how many seconds to delay before showing
           optional progress indicators. Defaults to 2.

       GIT_EDITOR
           This environment variable overrides $EDITOR and $VISUAL. It
           is used by several Git commands when, on interactive mode, an
           editor is to be launched. See also git-var(1) and the
           core.editor option in git-config(1).

       GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR
           This environment variable overrides the configured Git editor
           when editing the todo list of an interactive rebase. See also
           git-rebase(1) and the sequence.editor option in
           git-config(1).

       GIT_SSH, GIT_SSH_COMMAND
           If either of these environment variables is set then git
           fetch and git push will use the specified command instead of
           ssh when they need to connect to a remote system. The
           command-line parameters passed to the configured command are
           determined by the ssh variant. See ssh.variant option in
           git-config(1) for details.

           $GIT_SSH_COMMAND takes precedence over $GIT_SSH, and is
           interpreted by the shell, which allows additional arguments
           to be included.  $GIT_SSH on the other hand must be just the
           path to a program (which can be a wrapper shell script, if
           additional arguments are needed).

           Usually it is easier to configure any desired options through
           your personal .ssh/config file. Please consult your ssh
           documentation for further details.

       GIT_SSH_VARIANT
           If this environment variable is set, it overrides Git’s
           autodetection whether GIT_SSH/GIT_SSH_COMMAND/core.sshCommand
           refer to OpenSSH, plink or tortoiseplink. This variable
           overrides the config setting ssh.variant that serves the same
           purpose.

       GIT_SSL_NO_VERIFY
           Setting and exporting this environment variable to any value
           tells Git not to verify the SSL certificate when fetching or
           pushing over HTTPS.

       GIT_ATTR_SOURCE
           Sets the treeish that gitattributes will be read from.

       GIT_ASKPASS
           If this environment variable is set, then Git commands which
           need to acquire passwords or passphrases (e.g. for HTTP or
           IMAP authentication) will call this program with a suitable
           prompt as command-line argument and read the password from
           its STDOUT. See also the core.askPass option in
           git-config(1).

       GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT
           If this Boolean environment variable is set to false, git
           will not prompt on the terminal (e.g., when asking for HTTP
           authentication).

       GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL, GIT_CONFIG_SYSTEM
           Take the configuration from the given files instead from
           global or system-level configuration files. If
           GIT_CONFIG_SYSTEM is set, the system config file defined at
           build time (usually /etc/gitconfig) will not be read.
           Likewise, if GIT_CONFIG_GLOBAL is set, neither
           $HOME/.gitconfig nor $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/config will be
           read. Can be set to /dev/null to skip reading configuration
           files of the respective level.

       GIT_CONFIG_NOSYSTEM
           Whether to skip reading settings from the system-wide
           $(prefix)/etc/gitconfig file. This Boolean environment
           variable can be used along with $HOME and $XDG_CONFIG_HOME to
           create a predictable environment for a picky script, or you
           can set it to true to temporarily avoid using a buggy
           /etc/gitconfig file while waiting for someone with sufficient
           permissions to fix it.

       GIT_FLUSH
           If this environment variable is set to "1", then commands
           such as git blame (in incremental mode), git rev-list, git
           log, git check-attr and git check-ignore will force a flush
           of the output stream after each record have been flushed. If
           this variable is set to "0", the output of these commands
           will be done using completely buffered I/O. If this
           environment variable is not set, Git will choose buffered or
           record-oriented flushing based on whether stdout appears to
           be redirected to a file or not.

       GIT_TRACE
           Enables general trace messages, e.g. alias expansion,
           built-in command execution and external command execution.

           If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison is
           case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to stderr.

           If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2 and
           lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this value
           as an open file descriptor and will try to write the trace
           messages into this file descriptor.

           Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
           (starting with a / character), Git will interpret this as a
           file path and will try to append the trace messages to it.

           Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
           "false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.

       GIT_TRACE_FSMONITOR
           Enables trace messages for the filesystem monitor extension.
           See GIT_TRACE for available trace output options.

       GIT_TRACE_PACK_ACCESS
           Enables trace messages for all accesses to any packs. For
           each access, the pack file name and an offset in the pack is
           recorded. This may be helpful for troubleshooting some
           pack-related performance problems. See GIT_TRACE for
           available trace output options.

       GIT_TRACE_PACKET
           Enables trace messages for all packets coming in or out of a
           given program. This can help with debugging object
           negotiation or other protocol issues. Tracing is turned off
           at a packet starting with "PACK" (but see GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE
           below). See GIT_TRACE for available trace output options.

       GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE
           Enables tracing of packfiles sent or received by a given
           program. Unlike other trace output, this trace is verbatim:
           no headers, and no quoting of binary data. You almost
           certainly want to direct into a file (e.g.,
           GIT_TRACE_PACKFILE=/tmp/my.pack) rather than displaying it on
           the terminal or mixing it with other trace output.

           Note that this is currently only implemented for the client
           side of clones and fetches.

       GIT_TRACE_PERFORMANCE
           Enables performance related trace messages, e.g. total
           execution time of each Git command. See GIT_TRACE for
           available trace output options.

       GIT_TRACE_REFS
           Enables trace messages for operations on the ref database.
           See GIT_TRACE for available trace output options.

       GIT_TRACE_SETUP
           Enables trace messages printing the .git, working tree and
           current working directory after Git has completed its setup
           phase. See GIT_TRACE for available trace output options.

       GIT_TRACE_SHALLOW
           Enables trace messages that can help debugging fetching /
           cloning of shallow repositories. See GIT_TRACE for available
           trace output options.

       GIT_TRACE_CURL
           Enables a curl full trace dump of all incoming and outgoing
           data, including descriptive information, of the git transport
           protocol. This is similar to doing curl --trace-ascii on the
           command line. See GIT_TRACE for available trace output
           options.

       GIT_TRACE_CURL_NO_DATA
           When a curl trace is enabled (see GIT_TRACE_CURL above), do
           not dump data (that is, only dump info lines and headers).

       GIT_TRACE2
           Enables more detailed trace messages from the "trace2"
           library. Output from GIT_TRACE2 is a simple text-based format
           for human readability.

           If this variable is set to "1", "2" or "true" (comparison is
           case insensitive), trace messages will be printed to stderr.

           If the variable is set to an integer value greater than 2 and
           lower than 10 (strictly) then Git will interpret this value
           as an open file descriptor and will try to write the trace
           messages into this file descriptor.

           Alternatively, if the variable is set to an absolute path
           (starting with a / character), Git will interpret this as a
           file path and will try to append the trace messages to it. If
           the path already exists and is a directory, the trace
           messages will be written to files (one per process) in that
           directory, named according to the last component of the SID
           and an optional counter (to avoid filename collisions).

           In addition, if the variable is set to
           af_unix:[<socket_type>:]<absolute-pathname>, Git will try to
           open the path as a Unix Domain Socket. The socket type can be
           either stream or dgram.

           Unsetting the variable, or setting it to empty, "0" or
           "false" (case insensitive) disables trace messages.

           See Trace2 documentation[2] for full details.

       GIT_TRACE2_EVENT
           This setting writes a JSON-based format that is suited for
           machine interpretation. See GIT_TRACE2 for available trace
           output options and Trace2 documentation[2] for full details.

       GIT_TRACE2_PERF
           In addition to the text-based messages available in
           GIT_TRACE2, this setting writes a column-based format for
           understanding nesting regions. See GIT_TRACE2 for available
           trace output options and Trace2 documentation[2] for full
           details.

       GIT_TRACE_REDACT
           By default, when tracing is activated, Git redacts the values
           of cookies, the "Authorization:" header, the
           "Proxy-Authorization:" header and packfile URIs. Set this
           Boolean environment variable to false to prevent this
           redaction.

       GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS
           Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause
           Git to treat all pathspecs literally, rather than as glob
           patterns. For example, running GIT_LITERAL_PATHSPECS=1 git
           log -- '*.c' will search for commits that touch the path *.c,
           not any paths that the glob *.c matches. You might want this
           if you are feeding literal paths to Git (e.g., paths
           previously given to you by git ls-tree, --raw diff output,
           etc).

       GIT_GLOB_PATHSPECS
           Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause
           Git to treat all pathspecs as glob patterns (aka "glob"
           magic).

       GIT_NOGLOB_PATHSPECS
           Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause
           Git to treat all pathspecs as literal (aka "literal" magic).

       GIT_ICASE_PATHSPECS
           Setting this Boolean environment variable to true will cause
           Git to treat all pathspecs as case-insensitive.

       GIT_REFLOG_ACTION
           When a ref is updated, reflog entries are created to keep
           track of the reason why the ref was updated (which is
           typically the name of the high-level command that updated the
           ref), in addition to the old and new values of the ref. A
           scripted Porcelain command can use set_reflog_action helper
           function in git-sh-setup to set its name to this variable
           when it is invoked as the top level command by the end user,
           to be recorded in the body of the reflog.

       GIT_REF_PARANOIA
           If this Boolean environment variable is set to false, ignore
           broken or badly named refs when iterating over lists of refs.
           Normally Git will try to include any such refs, which may
           cause some operations to fail. This is usually preferable, as
           potentially destructive operations (e.g., git-prune(1)) are
           better off aborting rather than ignoring broken refs (and
           thus considering the history they point to as not worth
           saving). The default value is 1 (i.e., be paranoid about
           detecting and aborting all operations). You should not
           normally need to set this to 0, but it may be useful when
           trying to salvage data from a corrupted repository.

       GIT_COMMIT_GRAPH_PARANOIA
           When loading a commit object from the commit-graph, Git
           performs an existence check on the object in the object
           database. This is done to avoid issues with stale
           commit-graphs that contain references to already-deleted
           commits, but comes with a performance penalty.

           The default is "false", which disables the aforementioned
           behavior. Setting this to "true" enables the existence check
           so that stale commits will never be returned from the
           commit-graph at the cost of performance.

       GIT_ALLOW_PROTOCOL
           If set to a colon-separated list of protocols, behave as if
           protocol.allow is set to never, and each of the listed
           protocols has protocol.<name>.allow set to always (overriding
           any existing configuration). See the description of
           protocol.allow in git-config(1) for more details.

       GIT_PROTOCOL_FROM_USER
           Set this Boolean environment variable to false to prevent
           protocols used by fetch/push/clone which are configured to
           the user state. This is useful to restrict recursive
           submodule initialization from an untrusted repository or for
           programs which feed potentially-untrusted URLS to git
           commands. See git-config(1) for more details.

       GIT_PROTOCOL
           For internal use only. Used in handshaking the wire protocol.
           Contains a colon : separated list of keys with optional
           values key[=value]. Presence of unknown keys and values must
           be ignored.

           Note that servers may need to be configured to allow this
           variable to pass over some transports. It will be propagated
           automatically when accessing local repositories (i.e.,
           file:// or a filesystem path), as well as over the git://
           protocol. For git-over-http, it should work automatically in
           most configurations, but see the discussion in
           git-http-backend(1). For git-over-ssh, the ssh server may
           need to be configured to allow clients to pass this variable
           (e.g., by using AcceptEnv GIT_PROTOCOL with OpenSSH).

           This configuration is optional. If the variable is not
           propagated, then clients will fall back to the original "v0"
           protocol (but may miss out on some performance improvements
           or features). This variable currently only affects clones and
           fetches; it is not yet used for pushes (but may be in the
           future).

       GIT_OPTIONAL_LOCKS
           If this Boolean environment variable is set to false, Git
           will complete any requested operation without performing any
           optional sub-operations that require taking a lock. For
           example, this will prevent git status from refreshing the
           index as a side effect. This is useful for processes running
           in the background which do not want to cause lock contention
           with other operations on the repository. Defaults to 1.

       GIT_REDIRECT_STDIN, GIT_REDIRECT_STDOUT, GIT_REDIRECT_STDERR
           Windows-only: allow redirecting the standard
           input/output/error handles to paths specified by the
           environment variables. This is particularly useful in
           multi-threaded applications where the canonical way to pass
           standard handles via CreateProcess() is not an option because
           it would require the handles to be marked inheritable (and
           consequently every spawned process would inherit them,
           possibly blocking regular Git operations). The primary
           intended use case is to use named pipes for communication
           (e.g.  \\.\pipe\my-git-stdin-123).

           Two special values are supported: off will simply close the
           corresponding standard handle, and if GIT_REDIRECT_STDERR is
           2>&1, standard error will be redirected to the same handle as
           standard output.

       GIT_PRINT_SHA1_ELLIPSIS (deprecated)
           If set to yes, print an ellipsis following an (abbreviated)
           SHA-1 value. This affects indications of detached HEADs (‐
           git-checkout(1)) and the raw diff output (git-diff(1)).
           Printing an ellipsis in the cases mentioned is no longer
           considered adequate and support for it is likely to be
           removed in the foreseeable future (along with the variable).

DISCUSSION         top

       More detail on the following is available from the Git concepts
       chapter of the user-manual[3] and gitcore-tutorial(7).

       A Git project normally consists of a working directory with a
       ".git" subdirectory at the top level. The .git directory
       contains, among other things, a compressed object database
       representing the complete history of the project, an "index" file
       which links that history to the current contents of the working
       tree, and named pointers into that history such as tags and
       branch heads.

       The object database contains objects of three main types: blobs,
       which hold file data; trees, which point to blobs and other trees
       to build up directory hierarchies; and commits, which each
       reference a single tree and some number of parent commits.

       The commit, equivalent to what other systems call a "changeset"
       or "version", represents a step in the project’s history, and
       each parent represents an immediately preceding step. Commits
       with more than one parent represent merges of independent lines
       of development.

       All objects are named by the SHA-1 hash of their contents,
       normally written as a string of 40 hex digits. Such names are
       globally unique. The entire history leading up to a commit can be
       vouched for by signing just that commit. A fourth object type,
       the tag, is provided for this purpose.

       When first created, objects are stored in individual files, but
       for efficiency may later be compressed together into "pack
       files".

       Named pointers called refs mark interesting points in history. A
       ref may contain the SHA-1 name of an object or the name of
       another ref. Refs with names beginning ref/head/ contain the
       SHA-1 name of the most recent commit (or "head") of a branch
       under development. SHA-1 names of tags of interest are stored
       under ref/tags/. A special ref named HEAD contains the name of
       the currently checked-out branch.

       The index file is initialized with a list of all paths and, for
       each path, a blob object and a set of attributes. The blob object
       represents the contents of the file as of the head of the current
       branch. The attributes (last modified time, size, etc.) are taken
       from the corresponding file in the working tree. Subsequent
       changes to the working tree can be found by comparing these
       attributes. The index may be updated with new content, and new
       commits may be created from the content stored in the index.

       The index is also capable of storing multiple entries (called
       "stages") for a given pathname. These stages are used to hold the
       various unmerged version of a file when a merge is in progress.

FURTHER DOCUMENTATION         top

       See the references in the "description" section to get started
       using Git. The following is probably more detail than necessary
       for a first-time user.

       The Git concepts chapter of the user-manual[3] and
       gitcore-tutorial(7) both provide introductions to the underlying
       Git architecture.

       See gitworkflows(7) for an overview of recommended workflows.

       See also the howto[4] documents for some useful examples.

       The internals are documented in the Git API documentation[5].

       Users migrating from CVS may also want to read
       gitcvs-migration(7).

AUTHORS         top

       Git was started by Linus Torvalds, and is currently maintained by
       Junio C Hamano. Numerous contributions have come from the Git
       mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org[6]>.
       https://openhub.net/p/git/contributors/summary gives you a more
       complete list of contributors.

       If you have a clone of git.git itself, the output of
       git-shortlog(1) and git-blame(1) can show you the authors for
       specific parts of the project.

REPORTING BUGS         top

       Report bugs to the Git mailing list <git@vger.kernel.org[6]>
       where the development and maintenance is primarily done. You do
       not have to be subscribed to the list to send a message there.
       See the list archive at https://lore.kernel.org/git for previous
       bug reports and other discussions.

       Issues which are security relevant should be disclosed privately
       to the Git Security mailing list
       <git-security@googlegroups.com[7]>.

SEE ALSO         top

       gittutorial(7), gittutorial-2(7), giteveryday(7),
       gitcvs-migration(7), gitglossary(7), gitcore-tutorial(7),
       gitcli(7), The Git User’s Manual[1], gitworkflows(7)

GIT         top

       Part of the git(1) suite

NOTES         top

        1. Git User’s Manual
           file:///home/mtk/share/doc/git-doc/user-manual.html

        2. Trace2 documentation
           file:///home/mtk/share/doc/git-doc/technical/api-trace2.html

        3. Git concepts chapter of the user-manual
           file:///home/mtk/share/doc/git-doc/user-manual.html#git-concepts

        4. howto
           file:///home/mtk/share/doc/git-doc/howto-index.html

        5. Git API documentation
           file:///home/mtk/share/doc/git-doc/technical/api-index.html

        6. git@vger.kernel.org
           mailto:git@vger.kernel.org

        7. git-security@googlegroups.com
           mailto:git-security@googlegroups.com

COLOPHON         top

       This page is part of the git (Git distributed version control
       system) project.  Information about the project can be found at
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       page, see ⟨http://git-scm.com/community⟩.  This page was obtained
       from the project's upstream Git repository
       ⟨https://github.com/git/git.git⟩ on 2023-12-22.  (At that time,
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       (which is not part of the original manual page), send a mail to
       man-pages@man7.org

Git 2.43.0.174.g055bb6         2023-12-20                         GIT(1)

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