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NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | EXIT STATUS | ENVIRONMENT | FILES | STANDARDS | HISTORY | EXAMPLES | SEE ALSO |
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iconv(1) General Commands Manual iconv(1)
iconv - convert text from one character encoding to another
iconv [options] [-f from-encoding] [-t to-encoding]
[inputfile]...
The iconv program reads in text in one encoding and outputs the
text in another encoding. If no input files are given, or if it
is given as a dash (-), iconv reads from standard input. If no
output file is given, iconv writes to standard output.
If no from-encoding is given, the default is derived from the
current locale's character encoding. If no to-encoding is given,
the default is derived from the current locale's character
encoding.
-f from-encoding, --from-code=from-encoding
Use from-encoding for input characters.
-t to-encoding, --to-code=to-encoding
Use to-encoding for output characters.
If the string //IGNORE is appended to to-encoding,
characters that cannot be converted are discarded and an
error is printed after conversion.
If the string //TRANSLIT is appended to to-encoding,
characters being converted are transliterated when needed
and possible. This means that when a character cannot be
represented in the target character set, it can be
approximated through one or several similar looking
characters. Characters that are outside of the target
character set and cannot be transliterated are replaced
with a question mark (?) in the output.
-l, --list
List all known character set encodings.
-c Silently discard characters that cannot be converted
instead of terminating when encountering such characters.
-o outputfile, --output=outputfile
Use outputfile for output.
-s, --silent
This option is ignored; it is provided only for
compatibility.
--verbose
Print progress information on standard error when
processing multiple files.
-?, --help
Print a usage summary and exit.
--usage
Print a short usage summary and exit.
-V, --version
Print the version number, license, and disclaimer of
warranty for iconv.
Zero on success, nonzero on errors.
Internally, the iconv program uses the iconv(3) function which in
turn uses gconv modules (dynamically loaded shared libraries) to
convert to and from a character set. Before calling iconv(3),
the iconv program must first allocate a conversion descriptor
using iconv_open(3). The operation of the latter function is
influenced by the setting of the GCONV_PATH environment variable:
• If GCONV_PATH is not set, iconv_open(3) loads the system gconv
module configuration cache file created by iconvconfig(8) and
then, based on the configuration, loads the gconv modules
needed to perform the conversion. If the system gconv module
configuration cache file is not available then the system
gconv module configuration file is used.
• If GCONV_PATH is defined (as a colon-separated list of
pathnames), the system gconv module configuration cache is not
used. Instead, iconv_open(3) first tries to load the
configuration files by searching the directories in GCONV_PATH
in order, followed by the system default gconv module
configuration file. If a directory does not contain a gconv
module configuration file, any gconv modules that it may
contain are ignored. If a directory contains a gconv module
configuration file and it is determined that a module needed
for this conversion is available in the directory, then the
needed module is loaded from that directory, the order being
such that the first suitable module found in GCONV_PATH is
used. This allows users to use custom modules and even
replace system-provided modules by providing such modules in
GCONV_PATH directories.
/usr/lib/gconv
Usual default gconv module path.
/usr/lib/gconv/gconv-modules
Usual system default gconv module configuration file.
/usr/lib/gconv/gconv-modules.cache
Usual system gconv module configuration cache.
Depending on the architecture, the above files may instead be
located at directories with the path prefix /usr/lib64.
POSIX.1-2008.
POSIX.1-2001.
Convert text from the ISO 8859-15 character encoding to UTF-8:
$ iconv -f ISO-8859-15 -t UTF-8 < input.txt > output.txt
The next example converts from UTF-8 to ASCII, transliterating
when possible:
$ echo abc ß α € àḃç | iconv -f UTF-8 -t ASCII//TRANSLIT
abc ss ? EUR abc
locale(1), uconv(1), iconv(3), nl_langinfo(3), charsets(7),
iconvconfig(8)
Linux man-pages (unreleased) (date) iconv(1)
Pages that refer to this page: manconv(1), man-recode(1), uconv(1), iconv_open(3), charmap(5), locale(5), charsets(7), locale(7), iconvconfig(8)
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HTML rendering created 2023-12-22 by Michael Kerrisk, author of The Linux Programming Interface. For details of in-depth Linux/UNIX system programming training courses that I teach, look here. Hosting by jambit GmbH. |
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