unicode(7) — Linux manual page

NAME | DESCRIPTION | SEE ALSO

unicode(7)          Miscellaneous Information Manual          unicode(7)

NAME         top

       unicode - universal character set

DESCRIPTION         top

       The international standard ISO/IEC 10646 defines the Universal
       Character Set (UCS).  UCS contains all characters of all other
       character set standards.  It also guarantees "round-trip
       compatibility"; in other words, conversion tables can be built
       such that no information is lost when a string is converted from
       any other encoding to UCS and back.

       UCS contains the characters required to represent practically all
       known languages.  This includes not only the Latin, Greek,
       Cyrillic, Hebrew, Arabic, Armenian, and Georgian scripts, but
       also Chinese, Japanese and Korean Han ideographs as well as
       scripts such as Hiragana, Katakana, Hangul, Devanagari, Bengali,
       Gurmukhi, Gujarati, Oriya, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam,
       Thai, Lao, Khmer, Bopomofo, Tibetan, Runic, Ethiopic, Canadian
       Syllabics, Cherokee, Mongolian, Ogham, Myanmar, Sinhala, Thaana,
       Yi, and others.  For scripts not yet covered, research on how to
       best encode them for computer usage is still going on and they
       will be added eventually.  This might eventually include not only
       Hieroglyphs and various historic Indo-European languages, but
       even some selected artistic scripts such as Tengwar, Cirth, and
       Klingon.  UCS also covers a large number of graphical,
       typographical, mathematical, and scientific symbols, including
       those provided by TeX, Postscript, APL, MS-DOS, MS-Windows,
       Macintosh, OCR fonts, as well as many word processing and
       publishing systems, and more are being added.

       The UCS standard (ISO/IEC 10646) describes a 31-bit character set
       architecture consisting of 128 24-bit groups, each divided into
       256 16-bit planes made up of 256 8-bit rows with 256 column
       positions, one for each character.  Part 1 of the standard
       (ISO/IEC 10646-1) defines the first 65534 code positions (0x0000
       to 0xfffd), which form the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP), that
       is plane 0 in group 0.  Part 2 of the standard (ISO/IEC 10646-2)
       adds characters to group 0 outside the BMP in several
       supplementary planes in the range 0x10000 to 0x10ffff.  There are
       no plans to add characters beyond 0x10ffff to the standard,
       therefore of the entire code space, only a small fraction of
       group 0 will ever be actually used in the foreseeable future.
       The BMP contains all characters found in the commonly used other
       character sets.  The supplemental planes added by ISO/IEC 10646-2
       cover only more exotic characters for special scientific,
       dictionary printing, publishing industry, higher-level protocol
       and enthusiast needs.

       The representation of each UCS character as a 2-byte word is
       referred to as the UCS-2 form (only for BMP characters), whereas
       UCS-4 is the representation of each character by a 4-byte word.
       In addition, there exist two encoding forms UTF-8 for backward
       compatibility with ASCII processing software and UTF-16 for the
       backward-compatible handling of non-BMP characters up to 0x10ffff
       by UCS-2 software.

       The UCS characters 0x0000 to 0x007f are identical to those of the
       classic US-ASCII character set and the characters in the range
       0x0000 to 0x00ff are identical to those in ISO 8859-1 (Latin-1).

   Combining characters
       Some code points in UCS have been assigned to combining
       characters.  These are similar to the nonspacing accent keys on a
       typewriter.  A combining character just adds an accent to the
       previous character.  The most important accented characters have
       codes of their own in UCS, however, the combining character
       mechanism allows us to add accents and other diacritical marks to
       any character.  The combining characters always follow the
       character which they modify.  For example, the German character
       Umlaut-A ("Latin capital letter A with diaeresis") can either be
       represented by the precomposed UCS code 0x00c4, or alternatively
       as the combination of a normal "Latin capital letter A" followed
       by a "combining diaeresis": 0x0041 0x0308.

       Combining characters are essential for instance for encoding the
       Thai script or for mathematical typesetting and users of the
       International Phonetic Alphabet.

   Implementation levels
       As not all systems are expected to support advanced mechanisms
       like combining characters, ISO/IEC 10646-1 specifies the
       following three implementation levels of UCS:

       Level 1  Combining characters and Hangul Jamo (a variant encoding
                of the Korean script, where a Hangul syllable glyph is
                coded as a triplet or pair of vowel/consonant codes) are
                not supported.

       Level 2  In addition to level 1, combining characters are now
                allowed for some languages where they are essential
                (e.g., Thai, Lao, Hebrew, Arabic, Devanagari,
                Malayalam).

       Level 3  All UCS characters are supported.

       The Unicode 3.0 Standard published by the Unicode Consortium
       contains exactly the UCS Basic Multilingual Plane at
       implementation level 3, as described in ISO/IEC 10646-1:2000.
       Unicode 3.1 added the supplemental planes of ISO/IEC 10646-2.
       The Unicode standard and technical reports published by the
       Unicode Consortium provide much additional information on the
       semantics and recommended usages of various characters.  They
       provide guidelines and algorithms for editing, sorting,
       comparing, normalizing, converting, and displaying Unicode
       strings.

   Unicode under Linux
       Under GNU/Linux, the C type wchar_t is a signed 32-bit integer
       type.  Its values are always interpreted by the C library as UCS
       code values (in all locales), a convention that is signaled by
       the GNU C library to applications by defining the constant
       __STDC_ISO_10646__ as specified in the ISO C99 standard.

       UCS/Unicode can be used just like ASCII in input/output streams,
       terminal communication, plaintext files, filenames, and
       environment variables in the ASCII compatible UTF-8 multibyte
       encoding.  To signal the use of UTF-8 as the character encoding
       to all applications, a suitable locale has to be selected via
       environment variables (e.g., "LANG=en_GB.UTF-8").

       The nl_langinfo(CODESET) function returns the name of the
       selected encoding.  Library functions such as wctomb(3) and
       mbsrtowcs(3) can be used to transform the internal wchar_t
       characters and strings into the system character encoding and
       back and wcwidth(3) tells how many positions (0–2) the cursor is
       advanced by the output of a character.

   Private Use Areas (PUA)
       In the Basic Multilingual Plane, the range 0xe000 to 0xf8ff will
       never be assigned to any characters by the standard and is
       reserved for private usage.  For the Linux community, this
       private area has been subdivided further into the range 0xe000 to
       0xefff which can be used individually by any end-user and the
       Linux zone in the range 0xf000 to 0xf8ff where extensions are
       coordinated among all Linux users.  The registry of the
       characters assigned to the Linux zone is maintained by LANANA and
       the registry itself is Documentation/admin-guide/unicode.rst in
       the Linux kernel sources (or Documentation/unicode.txt before
       Linux 4.10).

       Two other planes are reserved for private usage, plane 15
       (Supplementary Private Use Area-A, range 0xf0000 to 0xffffd) and
       plane 16 (Supplementary Private Use Area-B, range 0x100000 to
       0x10fffd).

   Literature
       •  Information technology — Universal Multiple-Octet Coded
          Character Set (UCS) — Part 1: Architecture and Basic
          Multilingual Plane.  International Standard ISO/IEC 10646-1,
          International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 2000.

          This is the official specification of UCS.  Available from 
          ⟨http://www.iso.ch/⟩.

       •  The Unicode Standard, Version 3.0.  The Unicode Consortium,
          Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 2000, ISBN 0-201-61633-5.

       •  S. Harbison, G. Steele. C: A Reference Manual. Fourth edition,
          Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1995, ISBN 0-13-326224-3.

          A good reference book about the C programming language.  The
          fourth edition covers the 1994 Amendment 1 to the ISO C90
          standard, which adds a large number of new C library functions
          for handling wide and multibyte character encodings, but it
          does not yet cover ISO C99, which improved wide and multibyte
          character support even further.

       •  Unicode Technical Reports.
          ⟨http://www.unicode.org/reports/⟩

       •  Markus Kuhn: UTF-8 and Unicode FAQ for UNIX/Linux.
          ⟨http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html⟩

       •  Bruno Haible: Unicode HOWTO.
          ⟨http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Unicode-HOWTO.html

SEE ALSO         top

       locale(1), setlocale(3), charsets(7), utf-8(7)

Linux man-pages (unreleased)     (date)                       unicode(7)

Pages that refer to this page: locale(5)charsets(7)locale(7)utf-8(7)