|
HTML rendering created 2024-06-26 by Michael Kerrisk, author of The Linux Programming Interface. For details of in-depth Linux/UNIX system programming training courses that I teach, look here. Hosting by jambit GmbH. |
|
|
PROLOG | NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | OPERANDS | STDIN | INPUT FILES | ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES | ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS | STDOUT | STDERR | OUTPUT FILES | EXTENDED DESCRIPTION | EXIT STATUS | CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS | APPLICATION USAGE | EXAMPLES | RATIONALE | FUTURE DIRECTIONS | SEE ALSO | COPYRIGHT |
|
|
|
AWK(1P) POSIX Programmer's Manual AWK(1P)
This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual. The
Linux implementation of this interface may differ (consult the
corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior),
or the interface may not be implemented on Linux.
awk — pattern scanning and processing language
awk [-F sepstring] [-v assignment]... program [argument...]
awk [-F sepstring] -f progfile [-f progfile]... [-v assignment]...
[argument...]
The awk utility shall execute programs written in the awk
programming language, which is specialized for textual data
manipulation. An awk program is a sequence of patterns and
corresponding actions. When input is read that matches a pattern,
the action associated with that pattern is carried out.
Input shall be interpreted as a sequence of records. By default,
a record is a line, less its terminating <newline>, but this can
be changed by using the RS built-in variable. Each record of
input shall be matched in turn against each pattern in the
program. For each pattern matched, the associated action shall be
executed.
The awk utility shall interpret each input record as a sequence
of fields where, by default, a field is a string of non-<blank>
non-<newline> characters. This default <blank> and <newline>
field delimiter can be changed by using the FS built-in variable
or the -F sepstring option. The awk utility shall denote the
first field in a record $1, the second $2, and so on. The symbol
$0 shall refer to the entire record; setting any other field
causes the re-evaluation of $0. Assigning to $0 shall reset the
values of all other fields and the NF built-in variable.
The awk utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of
POSIX.1‐2017, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines.
The following options shall be supported:
-F sepstring
Define the input field separator. This option shall be
equivalent to:
-v FS=sepstring
except that if -F sepstring and -v FS=sepstring are
both used, it is unspecified whether the FS assignment
resulting from -F sepstring is processed in command
line order or is processed after the last -v
FS=sepstring. See the description of the FS built-in
variable, and how it is used, in the EXTENDED
DESCRIPTION section.
-f progfile
Specify the pathname of the file progfile containing an
awk program. A pathname of '-' shall denote the
standard input. If multiple instances of this option
are specified, the concatenation of the files specified
as progfile in the order specified shall be the awk
program. The awk program can alternatively be specified
in the command line as a single argument.
-v assignment
The application shall ensure that the assignment
argument is in the same form as an assignment operand.
The specified variable assignment shall occur prior to
executing the awk program, including the actions
associated with BEGIN patterns (if any). Multiple
occurrences of this option can be specified.
The following operands shall be supported:
program If no -f option is specified, the first operand to awk
shall be the text of the awk program. The application
shall supply the program operand as a single argument
to awk. If the text does not end in a <newline>, awk
shall interpret the text as if it did.
argument Either of the following two types of argument can be
intermixed:
file A pathname of a file that contains the input
to be read, which is matched against the set
of patterns in the program. If no file
operands are specified, or if a file operand
is '-', the standard input shall be used.
assignment
An operand that begins with an <underscore>
or alphabetic character from the portable
character set (see the table in the Base
Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Section
6.1, Portable Character Set), followed by a
sequence of underscores, digits, and
alphabetics from the portable character set,
followed by the '=' character, shall specify
a variable assignment rather than a pathname.
The characters before the '=' represent the
name of an awk variable; if that name is an
awk reserved word (see Grammar) the behavior
is undefined. The characters following the
<equals-sign> shall be interpreted as if they
appeared in the awk program preceded and
followed by a double-quote ('"') character,
as a STRING token (see Grammar), except that
if the last character is an unescaped
<backslash>, it shall be interpreted as a
literal <backslash> rather than as the first
character of the sequence "\"". The variable
shall be assigned the value of that STRING
token and, if appropriate, shall be
considered a numeric string (see Expressions
in awk), the variable shall also be assigned
its numeric value. Each such variable
assignment shall occur just prior to the
processing of the following file, if any.
Thus, an assignment before the first file
argument shall be executed after the BEGIN
actions (if any), while an assignment after
the last file argument shall occur before the
END actions (if any). If there are no file
arguments, assignments shall be executed
before processing the standard input.
The standard input shall be used only if no file operands are
specified, or if a file operand is '-', or if a progfile option-
argument is '-'; see the INPUT FILES section. If the awk program
contains no actions and no patterns, but is otherwise a valid awk
program, standard input and any file operands shall not be read
and awk shall exit with a return status of zero.
Input files to the awk program from any of the following sources
shall be text files:
* Any file operands or their equivalents, achieved by modifying
the awk variables ARGV and ARGC
* Standard input in the absence of any file operands
* Arguments to the getline function
Whether the variable RS is set to a value other than a <newline>
or not, for these files, implementations shall support records
terminated with the specified separator up to {LINE_MAX} bytes
and may support longer records.
If -f progfile is specified, the application shall ensure that
the files named by each of the progfile option-arguments are text
files and their concatenation, in the same order as they appear
in the arguments, is an awk program.
The following environment variables shall affect the execution of
awk:
LANG Provide a default value for the internationalization
variables that are unset or null. (See the Base
Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Section 8.2,
Internationalization Variables for the precedence of
internationalization variables used to determine the
values of locale categories.)
LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the values
of all the other internationalization variables.
LC_COLLATE
Determine the locale for the behavior of ranges,
equivalence classes, and multi-character collating
elements within regular expressions and in comparisons
of string values.
LC_CTYPE Determine the locale for the interpretation of
sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for
example, single-byte as opposed to multi-byte
characters in arguments and input files), the behavior
of character classes within regular expressions, the
identification of characters as letters, and the
mapping of uppercase and lowercase characters for the
toupper and tolower functions.
LC_MESSAGES
Determine the locale that should be used to affect the
format and contents of diagnostic messages written to
standard error.
LC_NUMERIC
Determine the radix character used when interpreting
numeric input, performing conversions between numeric
and string values, and formatting numeric output.
Regardless of locale, the <period> character (the
decimal-point character of the POSIX locale) is the
decimal-point character recognized in processing awk
programs (including assignments in command line
arguments).
NLSPATH Determine the location of message catalogs for the
processing of LC_MESSAGES.
PATH Determine the search path when looking for commands
executed by system(expr), or input and output pipes;
see the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017,
Chapter 8, Environment Variables.
In addition, all environment variables shall be visible via the
awk variable ENVIRON.
Default.
The nature of the output files depends on the awk program.
The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.
The nature of the output files depends on the awk program.
Overall Program Structure
An awk program is composed of pairs of the form:
pattern { action }
Either the pattern or the action (including the enclosing brace
characters) can be omitted.
A missing pattern shall match any record of input, and a missing
action shall be equivalent to:
{ print }
Execution of the awk program shall start by first executing the
actions associated with all BEGIN patterns in the order they
occur in the program. Then each file operand (or standard input
if no files were specified) shall be processed in turn by reading
data from the file until a record separator is seen (<newline> by
default). Before the first reference to a field in the record is
evaluated, the record shall be split into fields, according to
the rules in Regular Expressions, using the value of FS that was
current at the time the record was read. Each pattern in the
program then shall be evaluated in the order of occurrence, and
the action associated with each pattern that matches the current
record executed. The action for a matching pattern shall be
executed before evaluating subsequent patterns. Finally, the
actions associated with all END patterns shall be executed in the
order they occur in the program.
Expressions in awk
Expressions describe computations used in patterns and actions.
In the following table, valid expression operations are given in
groups from highest precedence first to lowest precedence last,
with equal-precedence operators grouped between horizontal lines.
In expression evaluation, where the grammar is formally
ambiguous, higher precedence operators shall be evaluated before
lower precedence operators. In this table expr, expr1, expr2, and
expr3 represent any expression, while lvalue represents any
entity that can be assigned to (that is, on the left side of an
assignment operator). The precise syntax of expressions is given
in Grammar.
Table 4-1: Expressions in Decreasing Precedence in awk
┌──────────────────────┬─────────────────────────┬────────────────┬──────────────┐
│ Syntax │ Name │ Type of Result │Associativity │
├──────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────┤
│ ( expr ) │Grouping │Type of expr │N/A │
├──────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────┤
│ $expr │Field reference │String │N/A │
├──────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────┤
│ lvalue ++ │Post-increment │Numeric │N/A │
│ lvalue -- │Post-decrement │Numeric │N/A │
├──────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────┤
│ ++ lvalue │Pre-increment │Numeric │N/A │
│ -- lvalue │Pre-decrement │Numeric │N/A │
├──────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────┤
│ expr ^ expr │Exponentiation │Numeric │Right │
├──────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────┤
│ ! expr │Logical not │Numeric │N/A │
│ + expr │Unary plus │Numeric │N/A │
│ - expr │Unary minus │Numeric │N/A │
├──────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────┤
│ expr * expr │Multiplication │Numeric │Left │
│ expr / expr │Division │Numeric │Left │
│ expr % expr │Modulus │Numeric │Left │
├──────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────┤
│ expr + expr │Addition │Numeric │Left │
│ expr - expr │Subtraction │Numeric │Left │
├──────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────┤
│ expr expr │String concatenation │String │Left │
├──────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────┤
│ expr < expr │Less than │Numeric │None │
│ expr <= expr │Less than or equal to │Numeric │None │
│ expr != expr │Not equal to │Numeric │None │
│ expr == expr │Equal to │Numeric │None │
│ expr > expr │Greater than │Numeric │None │
│ expr >= expr │Greater than or equal to │Numeric │None │
├──────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────┤
│ expr ~ expr │ERE match │Numeric │None │
│ expr !~ expr │ERE non-match │Numeric │None │
├──────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────┤
│ expr in array │Array membership │Numeric │Left │
│ ( index ) in array │Multi-dimension array │Numeric │Left │
│ │membership │ │ │
├──────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────┤
│ expr && expr │Logical AND │Numeric │Left │
├──────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────┤
│ expr || expr │Logical OR │Numeric │Left │
├──────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────┤
│ expr1 ? expr2 : expr3│Conditional expression │Type of selected│Right │
│ │ │expr2 or expr3 │ │
├──────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼────────────────┼──────────────┤
│ lvalue ^= expr │Exponentiation assignment│Numeric │Right │
│ lvalue %= expr │Modulus assignment │Numeric │Right │
│ lvalue *= expr │Multiplication assignment│Numeric │Right │
│ lvalue /= expr │Division assignment │Numeric │Right │
│ lvalue += expr │Addition assignment │Numeric │Right │
│ lvalue -= expr │Subtraction assignment │Numeric │Right │
│ lvalue = expr │Assignment │Type of expr │Right │
└──────────────────────┴─────────────────────────┴────────────────┴──────────────┘
Each expression shall have either a string value, a numeric
value, or both. Except as stated for specific contexts, the value
of an expression shall be implicitly converted to the type needed
for the context in which it is used. A string value shall be
converted to a numeric value either by the equivalent of the
following calls to functions defined by the ISO C standard:
setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, "");
numeric_value = atof(string_value);
or by converting the initial portion of the string to type double
representation as follows:
The input string is decomposed into two parts: an initial,
possibly empty, sequence of white-space characters (as
specified by isspace()) and a subject sequence interpreted
as a floating-point constant.
The expected form of the subject sequence is an optional
'+' or '-' sign, then a non-empty sequence of digits
optionally containing a <period>, then an optional
exponent part. An exponent part consists of 'e' or 'E',
followed by an optional sign, followed by one or more
decimal digits.
The sequence starting with the first digit or the <period>
(whichever occurs first) is interpreted as a floating
constant of the C language, and if neither an exponent
part nor a <period> appears, a <period> is assumed to
follow the last digit in the string. If the subject
sequence begins with a <hyphen-minus>, the value resulting
from the conversion is negated.
A numeric value that is exactly equal to the value of an integer
(see Section 1.1.2, Concepts Derived from the ISO C Standard)
shall be converted to a string by the equivalent of a call to the
sprintf function (see String Functions) with the string "%d" as
the fmt argument and the numeric value being converted as the
first and only expr argument. Any other numeric value shall be
converted to a string by the equivalent of a call to the sprintf
function with the value of the variable CONVFMT as the fmt
argument and the numeric value being converted as the first and
only expr argument. The result of the conversion is unspecified
if the value of CONVFMT is not a floating-point format
specification. This volume of POSIX.1‐2017 specifies no explicit
conversions between numbers and strings. An application can force
an expression to be treated as a number by adding zero to it, or
can force it to be treated as a string by concatenating the null
string ("") to it.
A string value shall be considered a numeric string if it comes
from one of the following:
1. Field variables
2. Input from the getline() function
3. FILENAME
4. ARGV array elements
5. ENVIRON array elements
6. Array elements created by the split() function
7. A command line variable assignment
8. Variable assignment from another numeric string variable
and an implementation-dependent condition corresponding to either
case (a) or (b) below is met.
a. After the equivalent of the following calls to functions
defined by the ISO C standard, string_value_end would differ
from string_value, and any characters before the terminating
null character in string_value_end would be <blank>
characters:
char *string_value_end;
setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, "");
numeric_value = strtod (string_value, &string_value_end);
b. After all the following conversions have been applied, the
resulting string would lexically be recognized as a NUMBER
token as described by the lexical conventions in Grammar:
-- All leading and trailing <blank> characters are
discarded.
-- If the first non-<blank> is '+' or '-', it is discarded.
-- Each occurrence of the decimal point character from the
current locale is changed to a <period>.
In case (a) the numeric value of the numeric string shall be the
value that would be returned by the strtod() call. In case (b) if
the first non-<blank> is '-', the numeric value of the numeric
string shall be the negation of the numeric value of the
recognized NUMBER token; otherwise, the numeric value of the
numeric string shall be the numeric value of the recognized
NUMBER token. Whether or not a string is a numeric string shall
be relevant only in contexts where that term is used in this
section.
When an expression is used in a Boolean context, if it has a
numeric value, a value of zero shall be treated as false and any
other value shall be treated as true. Otherwise, a string value
of the null string shall be treated as false and any other value
shall be treated as true. A Boolean context shall be one of the
following:
* The first subexpression of a conditional expression
* An expression operated on by logical NOT, logical AND, or
logical OR
* The second expression of a for statement
* The expression of an if statement
* The expression of the while clause in either a while or
do...while statement
* An expression used as a pattern (as in Overall Program
Structure)
All arithmetic shall follow the semantics of floating-point
arithmetic as specified by the ISO C standard (see Section 1.1.2,
Concepts Derived from the ISO C Standard).
The value of the expression:
expr1 ^ expr2
shall be equivalent to the value returned by the ISO C standard
function call:
pow(expr1, expr2)
The expression:
lvalue ^= expr
shall be equivalent to the ISO C standard expression:
lvalue = pow(lvalue, expr)
except that lvalue shall be evaluated only once. The value of the
expression:
expr1 % expr2
shall be equivalent to the value returned by the ISO C standard
function call:
fmod(expr1, expr2)
The expression:
lvalue %= expr
shall be equivalent to the ISO C standard expression:
lvalue = fmod(lvalue, expr)
except that lvalue shall be evaluated only once.
Variables and fields shall be set by the assignment statement:
lvalue = expression
and the type of expression shall determine the resulting variable
type. The assignment includes the arithmetic assignments ("+=",
"-=", "*=", "/=", "%=", "^=", "++", "--") all of which shall
produce a numeric result. The left-hand side of an assignment and
the target of increment and decrement operators can be one of a
variable, an array with index, or a field selector.
The awk language supplies arrays that are used for storing
numbers or strings. Arrays need not be declared. They shall
initially be empty, and their sizes shall change dynamically. The
subscripts, or element identifiers, are strings, providing a type
of associative array capability. An array name followed by a
subscript within square brackets can be used as an lvalue and
thus as an expression, as described in the grammar; see Grammar.
Unsubscripted array names can be used in only the following
contexts:
* A parameter in a function definition or function call
* The NAME token following any use of the keyword in as
specified in the grammar (see Grammar); if the name used in
this context is not an array name, the behavior is undefined
A valid array index shall consist of one or more
<comma>-separated expressions, similar to the way in which multi-
dimensional arrays are indexed in some programming languages.
Because awk arrays are really one-dimensional, such a
<comma>-separated list shall be converted to a single string by
concatenating the string values of the separate expressions, each
separated from the other by the value of the SUBSEP variable.
Thus, the following two index operations shall be equivalent:
var[expr1, expr2, ... exprn]
var[expr1 SUBSEP expr2 SUBSEP ... SUBSEP exprn]
The application shall ensure that a multi-dimensioned index used
with the in operator is parenthesized. The in operator, which
tests for the existence of a particular array element, shall not
cause that element to exist. Any other reference to a nonexistent
array element shall automatically create it.
Comparisons (with the '<', "<=", "!=", "==", '>', and ">="
operators) shall be made numerically if both operands are
numeric, if one is numeric and the other has a string value that
is a numeric string, or if one is numeric and the other has the
uninitialized value. Otherwise, operands shall be converted to
strings as required and a string comparison shall be made as
follows:
* For the "!=" and "==" operators, the strings should be
compared to check if they are identical but may be compared
using the locale-specific collation sequence to check if they
collate equally.
* For the other operators, the strings shall be compared using
the locale-specific collation sequence.
The value of the comparison expression shall be 1 if the relation
is true, or 0 if the relation is false.
Variables and Special Variables
Variables can be used in an awk program by referencing them. With
the exception of function parameters (see User-Defined
Functions), they are not explicitly declared. Function parameter
names shall be local to the function; all other variable names
shall be global. The same name shall not be used as both a
function parameter name and as the name of a function or a
special awk variable. The same name shall not be used both as a
variable name with global scope and as the name of a function.
The same name shall not be used within the same scope both as a
scalar variable and as an array. Uninitialized variables,
including scalar variables, array elements, and field variables,
shall have an uninitialized value. An uninitialized value shall
have both a numeric value of zero and a string value of the empty
string. Evaluation of variables with an uninitialized value, to
either string or numeric, shall be determined by the context in
which they are used.
Field variables shall be designated by a '$' followed by a number
or numerical expression. The effect of the field number
expression evaluating to anything other than a non-negative
integer is unspecified; uninitialized variables or string values
need not be converted to numeric values in this context. New
field variables can be created by assigning a value to them.
References to nonexistent fields (that is, fields after $NF),
shall evaluate to the uninitialized value. Such references shall
not create new fields. However, assigning to a nonexistent field
(for example, $(NF+2)=5) shall increase the value of NF; create
any intervening fields with the uninitialized value; and cause
the value of $0 to be recomputed, with the fields being separated
by the value of OFS. Each field variable shall have a string
value or an uninitialized value when created. Field variables
shall have the uninitialized value when created from $0 using FS
and the variable does not contain any characters. If appropriate,
the field variable shall be considered a numeric string (see
Expressions in awk).
Implementations shall support the following other special
variables that are set by awk:
ARGC The number of elements in the ARGV array.
ARGV An array of command line arguments, excluding options
and the program argument, numbered from zero to ARGC-1.
The arguments in ARGV can be modified or added to; ARGC
can be altered. As each input file ends, awk shall
treat the next non-null element of ARGV, up to the
current value of ARGC-1, inclusive, as the name of the
next input file. Thus, setting an element of ARGV to
null means that it shall not be treated as an input
file. The name '-' indicates the standard input. If an
argument matches the format of an assignment operand,
this argument shall be treated as an assignment rather
than a file argument.
CONVFMT The printf format for converting numbers to strings
(except for output statements, where OFMT is used);
"%.6g" by default.
ENVIRON An array representing the value of the environment, as
described in the exec functions defined in the System
Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2017. The indices of the
array shall be strings consisting of the names of the
environment variables, and the value of each array
element shall be a string consisting of the value of
that variable. If appropriate, the environment variable
shall be considered a numeric string (see Expressions
in awk); the array element shall also have its numeric
value.
In all cases where the behavior of awk is affected by
environment variables (including the environment of any
commands that awk executes via the system function or
via pipeline redirections with the print statement, the
printf statement, or the getline function), the
environment used shall be the environment at the time
awk began executing; it is implementation-defined
whether any modification of ENVIRON affects this
environment.
FILENAME A pathname of the current input file. Inside a BEGIN
action the value is undefined. Inside an END action the
value shall be the name of the last input file
processed.
FNR The ordinal number of the current record in the current
file. Inside a BEGIN action the value shall be zero.
Inside an END action the value shall be the number of
the last record processed in the last file processed.
FS Input field separator regular expression; a <space> by
default.
NF The number of fields in the current record. Inside a
BEGIN action, the use of NF is undefined unless a
getline function without a var argument is executed
previously. Inside an END action, NF shall retain the
value it had for the last record read, unless a
subsequent, redirected, getline function without a var
argument is performed prior to entering the END action.
NR The ordinal number of the current record from the start
of input. Inside a BEGIN action the value shall be
zero. Inside an END action the value shall be the
number of the last record processed.
OFMT The printf format for converting numbers to strings in
output statements (see Output Statements); "%.6g" by
default. The result of the conversion is unspecified if
the value of OFMT is not a floating-point format
specification.
OFS The print statement output field separator; <space> by
default.
ORS The print statement output record separator; a
<newline> by default.
RLENGTH The length of the string matched by the match function.
RS The first character of the string value of RS shall be
the input record separator; a <newline> by default. If
RS contains more than one character, the results are
unspecified. If RS is null, then records are separated
by sequences consisting of a <newline> plus one or more
blank lines, leading or trailing blank lines shall not
result in empty records at the beginning or end of the
input, and a <newline> shall always be a field
separator, no matter what the value of FS is.
RSTART The starting position of the string matched by the
match function, numbering from 1. This shall always be
equivalent to the return value of the match function.
SUBSEP The subscript separator string for multi-dimensional
arrays; the default value is implementation-defined.
Regular Expressions
The awk utility shall make use of the extended regular expression
notation (see the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017,
Section 9.4, Extended Regular Expressions) except that it shall
allow the use of C-language conventions for escaping special
characters within the EREs, as specified in the table in the Base
Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Chapter 5, File Format
Notation ('\\', '\a', '\b', '\f', '\n', '\r', '\t', '\v') and the
following table; these escape sequences shall be recognized both
inside and outside bracket expressions. Note that records need
not be separated by <newline> characters and string constants can
contain <newline> characters, so even the "\n" sequence is valid
in awk EREs. Using a <slash> character within an ERE requires the
escaping shown in the following table.
Table 4-2: Escape Sequences in awk
┌──────────┬────────────────────────────────────┬────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Escape │ │ │
│ Sequence │ Description │ Meaning │
├──────────┼────────────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────┤
│ \" │ <backslash> <quotation-mark> │ <quotation-mark> character │
├──────────┼────────────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────┤
│ \/ │ <backslash> <slash> │ <slash> character │
├──────────┼────────────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────┤
│ \ddd │ A <backslash> character followed │ The character whose encoding is │
│ │ by the longest sequence of one, │ represented by the one, two, or │
│ │ two, or three octal-digit │ three-digit octal integer. Multi- │
│ │ characters (01234567). If all of │ byte characters require multiple, │
│ │ the digits are 0 (that is, │ concatenated escape sequences of │
│ │ representation of the NUL │ this type, including the leading │
│ │ character), the behavior is │ <backslash> for each byte. │
│ │ undefined. │ │
├──────────┼────────────────────────────────────┼────────────────────────────────────┤
│ \c │ A <backslash> character followed │ Undefined │
│ │ by any character not described in │ │
│ │ this table or in the table in the │ │
│ │ Base Definitions volume of │ │
│ │ POSIX.1‐2017, Chapter 5, File │ │
│ │ Format Notation ('\\', '\a', '\b', │ │
│ │ '\f', '\n', '\r', '\t', '\v'). │ │
└──────────┴────────────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────────┘
A regular expression can be matched against a specific field or
string by using one of the two regular expression matching
operators, '~' and "!~". These operators shall interpret their
right-hand operand as a regular expression and their left-hand
operand as a string. If the regular expression matches the
string, the '~' expression shall evaluate to a value of 1, and
the "!~" expression shall evaluate to a value of 0. (The regular
expression matching operation is as defined by the term matched
in the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Section 9.1,
Regular Expression Definitions, where a match occurs on any part
of the string unless the regular expression is limited with the
<circumflex> or <dollar-sign> special characters.) If the regular
expression does not match the string, the '~' expression shall
evaluate to a value of 0, and the "!~" expression shall evaluate
to a value of 1. If the right-hand operand is any expression
other than the lexical token ERE, the string value of the
expression shall be interpreted as an extended regular
expression, including the escape conventions described above.
Note that these same escape conventions shall also be applied in
determining the value of a string literal (the lexical token
STRING), and thus shall be applied a second time when a string
literal is used in this context.
When an ERE token appears as an expression in any context other
than as the right-hand of the '~' or "!~" operator or as one of
the built-in function arguments described below, the value of the
resulting expression shall be the equivalent of:
$0 ~ /ere/
The ere argument to the gsub, match, sub functions, and the fs
argument to the split function (see String Functions) shall be
interpreted as extended regular expressions. These can be either
ERE tokens or arbitrary expressions, and shall be interpreted in
the same manner as the right-hand side of the '~' or "!~"
operator.
An extended regular expression can be used to separate fields by
assigning a string containing the expression to the built-in
variable FS, either directly or as a consequence of using the -F
sepstring option. The default value of the FS variable shall be
a single <space>. The following describes FS behavior:
1. If FS is a null string, the behavior is unspecified.
2. If FS is a single character:
a. If FS is <space>, skip leading and trailing <blank> and
<newline> characters; fields shall be delimited by sets
of one or more <blank> or <newline> characters.
b. Otherwise, if FS is any other character c, fields shall
be delimited by each single occurrence of c.
3. Otherwise, the string value of FS shall be considered to be
an extended regular expression. Each occurrence of a sequence
matching the extended regular expression shall delimit
fields.
Except for the '~' and "!~" operators, and in the gsub, match,
split, and sub built-in functions, ERE matching shall be based on
input records; that is, record separator characters (the first
character of the value of the variable RS, <newline> by default)
cannot be embedded in the expression, and no expression shall
match the record separator character. If the record separator is
not <newline>, <newline> characters embedded in the expression
can be matched. For the '~' and "!~" operators, and in those four
built-in functions, ERE matching shall be based on text strings;
that is, any character (including <newline> and the record
separator) can be embedded in the pattern, and an appropriate
pattern shall match any character. However, in all awk ERE
matching, the use of one or more NUL characters in the pattern,
input record, or text string produces undefined results.
Patterns
A pattern is any valid expression, a range specified by two
expressions separated by a comma, or one of the two special
patterns BEGIN or END.
Special Patterns
The awk utility shall recognize two special patterns, BEGIN and
END. Each BEGIN pattern shall be matched once and its associated
action executed before the first record of input is read—except
possibly by use of the getline function (see Input/Output and
General Functions) in a prior BEGIN action—and before command
line assignment is done. Each END pattern shall be matched once
and its associated action executed after the last record of input
has been read. These two patterns shall have associated actions.
BEGIN and END shall not combine with other patterns. Multiple
BEGIN and END patterns shall be allowed. The actions associated
with the BEGIN patterns shall be executed in the order specified
in the program, as are the END actions. An END pattern can
precede a BEGIN pattern in a program.
If an awk program consists of only actions with the pattern
BEGIN, and the BEGIN action contains no getline function, awk
shall exit without reading its input when the last statement in
the last BEGIN action is executed. If an awk program consists of
only actions with the pattern END or only actions with the
patterns BEGIN and END, the input shall be read before the
statements in the END actions are executed.
Expression Patterns
An expression pattern shall be evaluated as if it were an
expression in a Boolean context. If the result is true, the
pattern shall be considered to match, and the associated action
(if any) shall be executed. If the result is false, the action
shall not be executed.
Pattern Ranges
A pattern range consists of two expressions separated by a comma;
in this case, the action shall be performed for all records
between a match of the first expression and the following match
of the second expression, inclusive. At this point, the pattern
range can be repeated starting at input records subsequent to the
end of the matched range.
Actions
An action is a sequence of statements as shown in the grammar in
Grammar. Any single statement can be replaced by a statement
list enclosed in curly braces. The application shall ensure that
statements in a statement list are separated by <newline> or
<semicolon> characters. Statements in a statement list shall be
executed sequentially in the order that they appear.
The expression acting as the conditional in an if statement shall
be evaluated and if it is non-zero or non-null, the following
statement shall be executed; otherwise, if else is present, the
statement following the else shall be executed.
The if, while, do...while, for, break, and continue statements
are based on the ISO C standard (see Section 1.1.2, Concepts
Derived from the ISO C Standard), except that the Boolean
expressions shall be treated as described in Expressions in awk,
and except in the case of:
for (variable in array)
which shall iterate, assigning each index of array to variable in
an unspecified order. The results of adding new elements to array
within such a for loop are undefined. If a break or continue
statement occurs outside of a loop, the behavior is undefined.
The delete statement shall remove an individual array element.
Thus, the following code deletes an entire array:
for (index in array)
delete array[index]
The next statement shall cause all further processing of the
current input record to be abandoned. The behavior is undefined
if a next statement appears or is invoked in a BEGIN or END
action.
The exit statement shall invoke all END actions in the order in
which they occur in the program source and then terminate the
program without reading further input. An exit statement inside
an END action shall terminate the program without further
execution of END actions. If an expression is specified in an
exit statement, its numeric value shall be the exit status of
awk, unless subsequent errors are encountered or a subsequent
exit statement with an expression is executed.
Output Statements
Both print and printf statements shall write to standard output
by default. The output shall be written to the location specified
by output_redirection if one is supplied, as follows:
> expression
>> expression
| expression
In all cases, the expression shall be evaluated to produce a
string that is used as a pathname into which to write (for '>' or
">>") or as a command to be executed (for '|'). Using the first
two forms, if the file of that name is not currently open, it
shall be opened, creating it if necessary and using the first
form, truncating the file. The output then shall be appended to
the file. As long as the file remains open, subsequent calls in
which expression evaluates to the same string value shall simply
append output to the file. The file remains open until the close
function (see Input/Output and General Functions) is called with
an expression that evaluates to the same string value.
The third form shall write output onto a stream piped to the
input of a command. The stream shall be created if no stream is
currently open with the value of expression as its command name.
The stream created shall be equivalent to one created by a call
to the popen() function defined in the System Interfaces volume
of POSIX.1‐2017 with the value of expression as the command
argument and a value of w as the mode argument. As long as the
stream remains open, subsequent calls in which expression
evaluates to the same string value shall write output to the
existing stream. The stream shall remain open until the close
function (see Input/Output and General Functions) is called with
an expression that evaluates to the same string value. At that
time, the stream shall be closed as if by a call to the pclose()
function defined in the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2017.
As described in detail by the grammar in Grammar, these output
statements shall take a <comma>-separated list of expressions
referred to in the grammar by the non-terminal symbols expr_list,
print_expr_list, or print_expr_list_opt. This list is referred
to here as the expression list, and each member is referred to as
an expression argument.
The print statement shall write the value of each expression
argument onto the indicated output stream separated by the
current output field separator (see variable OFS above), and
terminated by the output record separator (see variable ORS
above). All expression arguments shall be taken as strings, being
converted if necessary; this conversion shall be as described in
Expressions in awk, with the exception that the printf format in
OFMT shall be used instead of the value in CONVFMT. An empty
expression list shall stand for the whole input record ($0).
The printf statement shall produce output based on a notation
similar to the File Format Notation used to describe file formats
in this volume of POSIX.1‐2017 (see the Base Definitions volume
of POSIX.1‐2017, Chapter 5, File Format Notation). Output shall
be produced as specified with the first expression argument as
the string format and subsequent expression arguments as the
strings arg1 to argn, inclusive, with the following exceptions:
1. The format shall be an actual character string rather than a
graphical representation. Therefore, it cannot contain empty
character positions. The <space> in the format string, in any
context other than a flag of a conversion specification,
shall be treated as an ordinary character that is copied to
the output.
2. If the character set contains a '' character and that
character appears in the format string, it shall be treated
as an ordinary character that is copied to the output.
3. The escape sequences beginning with a <backslash> character
shall be treated as sequences of ordinary characters that are
copied to the output. Note that these same sequences shall be
interpreted lexically by awk when they appear in literal
strings, but they shall not be treated specially by the
printf statement.
4. A field width or precision can be specified as the '*'
character instead of a digit string. In this case the next
argument from the expression list shall be fetched and its
numeric value taken as the field width or precision.
5. The implementation shall not precede or follow output from
the d or u conversion specifier characters with <blank>
characters not specified by the format string.
6. The implementation shall not precede output from the o
conversion specifier character with leading zeros not
specified by the format string.
7. For the c conversion specifier character: if the argument has
a numeric value, the character whose encoding is that value
shall be output. If the value is zero or is not the encoding
of any character in the character set, the behavior is
undefined. If the argument does not have a numeric value, the
first character of the string value shall be output; if the
string does not contain any characters, the behavior is
undefined.
8. For each conversion specification that consumes an argument,
the next expression argument shall be evaluated. With the
exception of the c conversion specifier character, the value
shall be converted (according to the rules specified in
Expressions in awk) to the appropriate type for the
conversion specification.
9. If there are insufficient expression arguments to satisfy all
the conversion specifications in the format string, the
behavior is undefined.
10. If any character sequence in the format string begins with a
'%' character, but does not form a valid conversion
specification, the behavior is unspecified.
Both print and printf can output at least {LINE_MAX} bytes.
Functions
The awk language has a variety of built-in functions: arithmetic,
string, input/output, and general.
Arithmetic Functions
The arithmetic functions, except for int, shall be based on the
ISO C standard (see Section 1.1.2, Concepts Derived from the ISO
C Standard). The behavior is undefined in cases where the ISO C
standard specifies that an error be returned or that the behavior
is undefined. Although the grammar (see Grammar) permits built-in
functions to appear with no arguments or parentheses, unless the
argument or parentheses are indicated as optional in the
following list (by displaying them within the "[]" brackets),
such use is undefined.
atan2(y,x)
Return arctangent of y/x in radians in the range
[-π,π].
cos(x) Return cosine of x, where x is in radians.
sin(x) Return sine of x, where x is in radians.
exp(x) Return the exponential function of x.
log(x) Return the natural logarithm of x.
sqrt(x) Return the square root of x.
int(x) Return the argument truncated to an integer. Truncation
shall be toward 0 when x>0.
rand() Return a random number n, such that 0≤n<1.
srand([expr])
Set the seed value for rand to expr or use the time of
day if expr is omitted. The previous seed value shall
be returned.
String Functions
The string functions in the following list shall be supported.
Although the grammar (see Grammar) permits built-in functions to
appear with no arguments or parentheses, unless the argument or
parentheses are indicated as optional in the following list (by
displaying them within the "[]" brackets), such use is undefined.
gsub(ere, repl[, in])
Behave like sub (see below), except that it shall
replace all occurrences of the regular expression (like
the ed utility global substitute) in $0 or in the in
argument, when specified.
index(s, t)
Return the position, in characters, numbering from 1,
in string s where string t first occurs, or zero if it
does not occur at all.
length[([s])]
Return the length, in characters, of its argument taken
as a string, or of the whole record, $0, if there is no
argument.
match(s, ere)
Return the position, in characters, numbering from 1,
in string s where the extended regular expression ere
occurs, or zero if it does not occur at all. RSTART
shall be set to the starting position (which is the
same as the returned value), zero if no match is found;
RLENGTH shall be set to the length of the matched
string, -1 if no match is found.
split(s, a[, fs ])
Split the string s into array elements a[1], a[2], ...,
a[n], and return n. All elements of the array shall be
deleted before the split is performed. The separation
shall be done with the ERE fs or with the field
separator FS if fs is not given. Each array element
shall have a string value when created and, if
appropriate, the array element shall be considered a
numeric string (see Expressions in awk). The effect of
a null string as the value of fs is unspecified.
sprintf(fmt, expr, expr, ...)
Format the expressions according to the printf format
given by fmt and return the resulting string.
sub(ere, repl[, in ])
Substitute the string repl in place of the first
instance of the extended regular expression ERE in
string in and return the number of substitutions. An
<ampersand> ('&') appearing in the string repl shall be
replaced by the string from in that matches the ERE. An
<ampersand> preceded with a <backslash> shall be
interpreted as the literal <ampersand> character. An
occurrence of two consecutive <backslash> characters
shall be interpreted as just a single literal
<backslash> character. Any other occurrence of a
<backslash> (for example, preceding any other
character) shall be treated as a literal <backslash>
character. Note that if repl is a string literal (the
lexical token STRING; see Grammar), the handling of the
<ampersand> character occurs after any lexical
processing, including any lexical <backslash>-escape
sequence processing. If in is specified and it is not
an lvalue (see Expressions in awk), the behavior is
undefined. If in is omitted, awk shall use the current
record ($0) in its place.
substr(s, m[, n ])
Return the at most n-character substring of s that
begins at position m, numbering from 1. If n is
omitted, or if n specifies more characters than are
left in the string, the length of the substring shall
be limited by the length of the string s.
tolower(s)
Return a string based on the string s. Each character
in s that is an uppercase letter specified to have a
tolower mapping by the LC_CTYPE category of the current
locale shall be replaced in the returned string by the
lowercase letter specified by the mapping. Other
characters in s shall be unchanged in the returned
string.
toupper(s)
Return a string based on the string s. Each character
in s that is a lowercase letter specified to have a
toupper mapping by the LC_CTYPE category of the current
locale is replaced in the returned string by the
uppercase letter specified by the mapping. Other
characters in s are unchanged in the returned string.
All of the preceding functions that take ERE as a parameter
expect a pattern or a string valued expression that is a regular
expression as defined in Regular Expressions.
Input/Output and General Functions
The input/output and general functions are:
close(expression)
Close the file or pipe opened by a print or printf
statement or a call to getline with the same string-
valued expression. The limit on the number of open
expression arguments is implementation-defined. If the
close was successful, the function shall return zero;
otherwise, it shall return non-zero.
expression | getline [var]
Read a record of input from a stream piped from the
output of a command. The stream shall be created if no
stream is currently open with the value of expression
as its command name. The stream created shall be
equivalent to one created by a call to the popen()
function with the value of expression as the command
argument and a value of r as the mode argument. As long
as the stream remains open, subsequent calls in which
expression evaluates to the same string value shall
read subsequent records from the stream. The stream
shall remain open until the close function is called
with an expression that evaluates to the same string
value. At that time, the stream shall be closed as if
by a call to the pclose() function. If var is omitted,
$0 and NF shall be set; otherwise, var shall be set
and, if appropriate, it shall be considered a numeric
string (see Expressions in awk).
The getline operator can form ambiguous constructs when
there are unparenthesized operators (including
concatenate) to the left of the '|' (to the beginning
of the expression containing getline). In the context
of the '$' operator, '|' shall behave as if it had a
lower precedence than '$'. The result of evaluating
other operators is unspecified, and conforming
applications shall parenthesize properly all such
usages.
getline Set $0 to the next input record from the current input
file. This form of getline shall set the NF, NR, and
FNR variables.
getline var
Set variable var to the next input record from the
current input file and, if appropriate, var shall be
considered a numeric string (see Expressions in awk).
This form of getline shall set the FNR and NR
variables.
getline [var] < expression
Read the next record of input from a named file. The
expression shall be evaluated to produce a string that
is used as a pathname. If the file of that name is not
currently open, it shall be opened. As long as the
stream remains open, subsequent calls in which
expression evaluates to the same string value shall
read subsequent records from the file. The file shall
remain open until the close function is called with an
expression that evaluates to the same string value. If
var is omitted, $0 and NF shall be set; otherwise, var
shall be set and, if appropriate, it shall be
considered a numeric string (see Expressions in awk).
The getline operator can form ambiguous constructs when
there are unparenthesized binary operators (including
concatenate) to the right of the '<' (up to the end of
the expression containing the getline). The result of
evaluating such a construct is unspecified, and
conforming applications shall parenthesize properly all
such usages.
system(expression)
Execute the command given by expression in a manner
equivalent to the system() function defined in the
System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2017 and return the
exit status of the command.
All forms of getline shall return 1 for successful input, zero
for end-of-file, and -1 for an error.
Where strings are used as the name of a file or pipeline, the
application shall ensure that the strings are textually
identical. The terminology ``same string value'' implies that
``equivalent strings'', even those that differ only by <space>
characters, represent different files.
User-Defined Functions
The awk language also provides user-defined functions. Such
functions can be defined as:
function name([parameter, ...]) { statements }
A function can be referred to anywhere in an awk program; in
particular, its use can precede its definition. The scope of a
function is global.
Function parameters, if present, can be either scalars or arrays;
the behavior is undefined if an array name is passed as a
parameter that the function uses as a scalar, or if a scalar
expression is passed as a parameter that the function uses as an
array. Function parameters shall be passed by value if scalar and
by reference if array name.
The number of parameters in the function definition need not
match the number of parameters in the function call. Excess
formal parameters can be used as local variables. If fewer
arguments are supplied in a function call than are in the
function definition, the extra parameters that are used in the
function body as scalars shall evaluate to the uninitialized
value until they are otherwise initialized, and the extra
parameters that are used in the function body as arrays shall be
treated as uninitialized arrays where each element evaluates to
the uninitialized value until otherwise initialized.
When invoking a function, no white space can be placed between
the function name and the opening parenthesis. Function calls can
be nested and recursive calls can be made upon functions. Upon
return from any nested or recursive function call, the values of
all of the calling function's parameters shall be unchanged,
except for array parameters passed by reference. The return
statement can be used to return a value. If a return statement
appears outside of a function definition, the behavior is
undefined.
In the function definition, <newline> characters shall be
optional before the opening brace and after the closing brace.
Function definitions can appear anywhere in the program where a
pattern-action pair is allowed.
Grammar
The grammar in this section and the lexical conventions in the
following section shall together describe the syntax for awk
programs. The general conventions for this style of grammar are
described in Section 1.3, Grammar Conventions. A valid program
can be represented as the non-terminal symbol program in the
grammar. This formal syntax shall take precedence over the
preceding text syntax description.
%token NAME NUMBER STRING ERE
%token FUNC_NAME /* Name followed by '(' without white space. */
/* Keywords */
%token Begin End
/* 'BEGIN' 'END' */
%token Break Continue Delete Do Else
/* 'break' 'continue' 'delete' 'do' 'else' */
%token Exit For Function If In
/* 'exit' 'for' 'function' 'if' 'in' */
%token Next Print Printf Return While
/* 'next' 'print' 'printf' 'return' 'while' */
/* Reserved function names */
%token BUILTIN_FUNC_NAME
/* One token for the following:
* atan2 cos sin exp log sqrt int rand srand
* gsub index length match split sprintf sub
* substr tolower toupper close system
*/
%token GETLINE
/* Syntactically different from other built-ins. */
/* Two-character tokens. */
%token ADD_ASSIGN SUB_ASSIGN MUL_ASSIGN DIV_ASSIGN MOD_ASSIGN POW_ASSIGN
/* '+=' '-=' '*=' '/=' '%=' '^=' */
%token OR AND NO_MATCH EQ LE GE NE INCR DECR APPEND
/* '||' '&&' '!~' '==' '<=' '>=' '!=' '++' '--' '>>' */
/* One-character tokens. */
%token '{' '}' '(' ')' '[' ']' ',' ';' NEWLINE
%token '+' '-' '*' '%' '^' '!' '>' '<' '|' '?' ':' '~' '$' '='
%start program
%%
program : item_list
| item_list item
;
item_list : /* empty */
| item_list item terminator
;
item : action
| pattern action
| normal_pattern
| Function NAME '(' param_list_opt ')'
newline_opt action
| Function FUNC_NAME '(' param_list_opt ')'
newline_opt action
;
param_list_opt : /* empty */
| param_list
;
param_list : NAME
| param_list ',' NAME
;
pattern : normal_pattern
| special_pattern
;
normal_pattern : expr
| expr ',' newline_opt expr
;
special_pattern : Begin
| End
;
action : '{' newline_opt '}'
| '{' newline_opt terminated_statement_list '}'
| '{' newline_opt unterminated_statement_list '}'
;
terminator : terminator NEWLINE
| ';'
| NEWLINE
;
terminated_statement_list : terminated_statement
| terminated_statement_list terminated_statement
;
unterminated_statement_list : unterminated_statement
| terminated_statement_list unterminated_statement
;
terminated_statement : action newline_opt
| If '(' expr ')' newline_opt terminated_statement
| If '(' expr ')' newline_opt terminated_statement
Else newline_opt terminated_statement
| While '(' expr ')' newline_opt terminated_statement
| For '(' simple_statement_opt ';'
expr_opt ';' simple_statement_opt ')' newline_opt
terminated_statement
| For '(' NAME In NAME ')' newline_opt
terminated_statement
| ';' newline_opt
| terminatable_statement NEWLINE newline_opt
| terminatable_statement ';' newline_opt
;
unterminated_statement : terminatable_statement
| If '(' expr ')' newline_opt unterminated_statement
| If '(' expr ')' newline_opt terminated_statement
Else newline_opt unterminated_statement
| While '(' expr ')' newline_opt unterminated_statement
| For '(' simple_statement_opt ';'
expr_opt ';' simple_statement_opt ')' newline_opt
unterminated_statement
| For '(' NAME In NAME ')' newline_opt
unterminated_statement
;
terminatable_statement : simple_statement
| Break
| Continue
| Next
| Exit expr_opt
| Return expr_opt
| Do newline_opt terminated_statement While '(' expr ')'
;
simple_statement_opt : /* empty */
| simple_statement
;
simple_statement : Delete NAME '[' expr_list ']'
| expr
| print_statement
;
print_statement : simple_print_statement
| simple_print_statement output_redirection
;
simple_print_statement : Print print_expr_list_opt
| Print '(' multiple_expr_list ')'
| Printf print_expr_list
| Printf '(' multiple_expr_list ')'
;
output_redirection : '>' expr
| APPEND expr
| '|' expr
;
expr_list_opt : /* empty */
| expr_list
;
expr_list : expr
| multiple_expr_list
;
multiple_expr_list : expr ',' newline_opt expr
| multiple_expr_list ',' newline_opt expr
;
expr_opt : /* empty */
| expr
;
expr : unary_expr
| non_unary_expr
;
unary_expr : '+' expr
| '-' expr
| unary_expr '^' expr
| unary_expr '*' expr
| unary_expr '/' expr
| unary_expr '%' expr
| unary_expr '+' expr
| unary_expr '-' expr
| unary_expr non_unary_expr
| unary_expr '<' expr
| unary_expr LE expr
| unary_expr NE expr
| unary_expr EQ expr
| unary_expr '>' expr
| unary_expr GE expr
| unary_expr '~' expr
| unary_expr NO_MATCH expr
| unary_expr In NAME
| unary_expr AND newline_opt expr
| unary_expr OR newline_opt expr
| unary_expr '?' expr ':' expr
| unary_input_function
;
non_unary_expr : '(' expr ')'
| '!' expr
| non_unary_expr '^' expr
| non_unary_expr '*' expr
| non_unary_expr '/' expr
| non_unary_expr '%' expr
| non_unary_expr '+' expr
| non_unary_expr '-' expr
| non_unary_expr non_unary_expr
| non_unary_expr '<' expr
| non_unary_expr LE expr
| non_unary_expr NE expr
| non_unary_expr EQ expr
| non_unary_expr '>' expr
| non_unary_expr GE expr
| non_unary_expr '~' expr
| non_unary_expr NO_MATCH expr
| non_unary_expr In NAME
| '(' multiple_expr_list ')' In NAME
| non_unary_expr AND newline_opt expr
| non_unary_expr OR newline_opt expr
| non_unary_expr '?' expr ':' expr
| NUMBER
| STRING
| lvalue
| ERE
| lvalue INCR
| lvalue DECR
| INCR lvalue
| DECR lvalue
| lvalue POW_ASSIGN expr
| lvalue MOD_ASSIGN expr
| lvalue MUL_ASSIGN expr
| lvalue DIV_ASSIGN expr
| lvalue ADD_ASSIGN expr
| lvalue SUB_ASSIGN expr
| lvalue '=' expr
| FUNC_NAME '(' expr_list_opt ')'
/* no white space allowed before '(' */
| BUILTIN_FUNC_NAME '(' expr_list_opt ')'
| BUILTIN_FUNC_NAME
| non_unary_input_function
;
print_expr_list_opt : /* empty */
| print_expr_list
;
print_expr_list : print_expr
| print_expr_list ',' newline_opt print_expr
;
print_expr : unary_print_expr
| non_unary_print_expr
;
unary_print_expr : '+' print_expr
| '-' print_expr
| unary_print_expr '^' print_expr
| unary_print_expr '*' print_expr
| unary_print_expr '/' print_expr
| unary_print_expr '%' print_expr
| unary_print_expr '+' print_expr
| unary_print_expr '-' print_expr
| unary_print_expr non_unary_print_expr
| unary_print_expr '~' print_expr
| unary_print_expr NO_MATCH print_expr
| unary_print_expr In NAME
| unary_print_expr AND newline_opt print_expr
| unary_print_expr OR newline_opt print_expr
| unary_print_expr '?' print_expr ':' print_expr
;
non_unary_print_expr : '(' expr ')'
| '!' print_expr
| non_unary_print_expr '^' print_expr
| non_unary_print_expr '*' print_expr
| non_unary_print_expr '/' print_expr
| non_unary_print_expr '%' print_expr
| non_unary_print_expr '+' print_expr
| non_unary_print_expr '-' print_expr
| non_unary_print_expr non_unary_print_expr
| non_unary_print_expr '~' print_expr
| non_unary_print_expr NO_MATCH print_expr
| non_unary_print_expr In NAME
| '(' multiple_expr_list ')' In NAME
| non_unary_print_expr AND newline_opt print_expr
| non_unary_print_expr OR newline_opt print_expr
| non_unary_print_expr '?' print_expr ':' print_expr
| NUMBER
| STRING
| lvalue
| ERE
| lvalue INCR
| lvalue DECR
| INCR lvalue
| DECR lvalue
| lvalue POW_ASSIGN print_expr
| lvalue MOD_ASSIGN print_expr
| lvalue MUL_ASSIGN print_expr
| lvalue DIV_ASSIGN print_expr
| lvalue ADD_ASSIGN print_expr
| lvalue SUB_ASSIGN print_expr
| lvalue '=' print_expr
| FUNC_NAME '(' expr_list_opt ')'
/* no white space allowed before '(' */
| BUILTIN_FUNC_NAME '(' expr_list_opt ')'
| BUILTIN_FUNC_NAME
;
lvalue : NAME
| NAME '[' expr_list ']'
| '$' expr
;
non_unary_input_function : simple_get
| simple_get '<' expr
| non_unary_expr '|' simple_get
;
unary_input_function : unary_expr '|' simple_get
;
simple_get : GETLINE
| GETLINE lvalue
;
newline_opt : /* empty */
| newline_opt NEWLINE
;
This grammar has several ambiguities that shall be resolved as
follows:
* Operator precedence and associativity shall be as described
in Table 4-1, Expressions in Decreasing Precedence in awk.
* In case of ambiguity, an else shall be associated with the
most immediately preceding if that would satisfy the grammar.
* In some contexts, a <slash> ('/') that is used to surround an
ERE could also be the division operator. This shall be
resolved in such a way that wherever the division operator
could appear, a <slash> is assumed to be the division
operator. (There is no unary division operator.)
Each expression in an awk program shall conform to the precedence
and associativity rules, even when this is not needed to resolve
an ambiguity. For example, because '$' has higher precedence than
'++', the string "$x++--" is not a valid awk expression, even
though it is unambiguously parsed by the grammar as "$(x++)--".
One convention that might not be obvious from the formal grammar
is where <newline> characters are acceptable. There are several
obvious placements such as terminating a statement, and a
<backslash> can be used to escape <newline> characters between
any lexical tokens. In addition, <newline> characters without
<backslash> characters can follow a comma, an open brace, logical
AND operator ("&&"), logical OR operator ("||"), the do keyword,
the else keyword, and the closing parenthesis of an if, for, or
while statement. For example:
{ print $1,
$2 }
Lexical Conventions
The lexical conventions for awk programs, with respect to the
preceding grammar, shall be as follows:
1. Except as noted, awk shall recognize the longest possible
token or delimiter beginning at a given point.
2. A comment shall consist of any characters beginning with the
<number-sign> character and terminated by, but excluding the
next occurrence of, a <newline>. Comments shall have no
effect, except to delimit lexical tokens.
3. The <newline> shall be recognized as the token NEWLINE.
4. A <backslash> character immediately followed by a <newline>
shall have no effect.
5. The token STRING shall represent a string constant. A string
constant shall begin with the character '"'. Within a string
constant, a <backslash> character shall be considered to
begin an escape sequence as specified in the table in the
Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Chapter 5, File
Format Notation ('\\', '\a', '\b', '\f', '\n', '\r', '\t',
'\v'). In addition, the escape sequences in Table 4-2,
Escape Sequences in awk shall be recognized. A <newline>
shall not occur within a string constant. A string constant
shall be terminated by the first unescaped occurrence of the
character '"' after the one that begins the string constant.
The value of the string shall be the sequence of all
unescaped characters and values of escape sequences between,
but not including, the two delimiting '"' characters.
6. The token ERE represents an extended regular expression
constant. An ERE constant shall begin with the <slash>
character. Within an ERE constant, a <backslash> character
shall be considered to begin an escape sequence as specified
in the table in the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017,
Chapter 5, File Format Notation. In addition, the escape
sequences in Table 4-2, Escape Sequences in awk shall be
recognized. The application shall ensure that a <newline>
does not occur within an ERE constant. An ERE constant shall
be terminated by the first unescaped occurrence of the
<slash> character after the one that begins the ERE constant.
The extended regular expression represented by the ERE
constant shall be the sequence of all unescaped characters
and values of escape sequences between, but not including,
the two delimiting <slash> characters.
7. A <blank> shall have no effect, except to delimit lexical
tokens or within STRING or ERE tokens.
8. The token NUMBER shall represent a numeric constant. Its form
and numeric value shall either be equivalent to the decimal-
floating-constant token as specified by the ISO C standard,
or it shall be a sequence of decimal digits and shall be
evaluated as an integer constant in decimal. In addition,
implementations may accept numeric constants with the form
and numeric value equivalent to the hexadecimal-constant and
hexadecimal-floating-constant tokens as specified by the
ISO C standard.
If the value is too large or too small to be representable
(see Section 1.1.2, Concepts Derived from the ISO C
Standard), the behavior is undefined.
9. A sequence of underscores, digits, and alphabetics from the
portable character set (see the Base Definitions volume of
POSIX.1‐2017, Section 6.1, Portable Character Set), beginning
with an <underscore> or alphabetic character, shall be
considered a word.
10. The following words are keywords that shall be recognized as
individual tokens; the name of the token is the same as the
keyword:
BEGIN delete END function in printf
break do exit getline next return
continue else for if print while
11. The following words are names of built-in functions and shall
be recognized as the token BUILTIN_FUNC_NAME:
atan2 gsub log split sub toupper
close index match sprintf substr
cos int rand sqrt system
exp length sin srand tolower
The above-listed keywords and names of built-in functions are
considered reserved words.
12. The token NAME shall consist of a word that is not a keyword
or a name of a built-in function and is not followed
immediately (without any delimiters) by the '(' character.
13. The token FUNC_NAME shall consist of a word that is not a
keyword or a name of a built-in function, followed
immediately (without any delimiters) by the '(' character.
The '(' character shall not be included as part of the token.
14. The following two-character sequences shall be recognized as
the named tokens:
┌────────────┬──────────┬────────────┬──────────┐
│ Token Name │ Sequence │ Token Name │ Sequence │
├────────────┼──────────┼────────────┼──────────┤
│ ADD_ASSIGN │ += │ NO_MATCH │ !~ │
│ SUB_ASSIGN │ -= │ EQ │ == │
│ MUL_ASSIGN │ *= │ LE │ <= │
│ DIV_ASSIGN │ /= │ GE │ >= │
│ MOD_ASSIGN │ %= │ NE │ != │
│ POW_ASSIGN │ ^= │ INCR │ ++ │
│ OR │ || │ DECR │ -- │
│ AND │ && │ APPEND │ >> │
└────────────┴──────────┴────────────┴──────────┘
15. The following single characters shall be recognized as tokens
whose names are the character:
<newline> { } ( ) [ ] , ; + - * % ^ ! > < | ? : ~ $ =
There is a lexical ambiguity between the token ERE and the tokens
'/' and DIV_ASSIGN. When an input sequence begins with a <slash>
character in any syntactic context where the token '/' or
DIV_ASSIGN could appear as the next token in a valid program, the
longer of those two tokens that can be recognized shall be
recognized. In any other syntactic context where the token ERE
could appear as the next token in a valid program, the token ERE
shall be recognized.
The following exit values shall be returned:
0 All input files were processed successfully.
>0 An error occurred.
The exit status can be altered within the program by using an
exit expression.
If any file operand is specified and the named file cannot be
accessed, awk shall write a diagnostic message to standard error
and terminate without any further action.
If the program specified by either the program operand or a
progfile operand is not a valid awk program (as specified in the
EXTENDED DESCRIPTION section), the behavior is undefined.
The following sections are informative.
The index, length, match, and substr functions should not be
confused with similar functions in the ISO C standard; the awk
versions deal with characters, while the ISO C standard deals
with bytes.
Because the concatenation operation is represented by adjacent
expressions rather than an explicit operator, it is often
necessary to use parentheses to enforce the proper evaluation
precedence.
When using awk to process pathnames, it is recommended that
LC_ALL, or at least LC_CTYPE and LC_COLLATE, are set to POSIX or
C in the environment, since pathnames can contain byte sequences
that do not form valid characters in some locales, in which case
the utility's behavior would be undefined. In the POSIX locale
each byte is a valid single-byte character, and therefore this
problem is avoided.
On implementations where the "==" operator checks if strings
collate equally, applications needing to check whether strings
are identical can use:
length(a) == length(b) && index(a,b) == 1
On implementations where the "==" operator checks if strings are
identical, applications needing to check whether strings collate
equally can use:
a <= b && a >= b
The awk program specified in the command line is most easily
specified within single-quotes (for example, 'program') for
applications using sh, because awk programs commonly contain
characters that are special to the shell, including double-
quotes. In the cases where an awk program contains single-quote
characters, it is usually easiest to specify most of the program
as strings within single-quotes concatenated by the shell with
quoted single-quote characters. For example:
awk '/'\''/ { print "quote:", $0 }'
prints all lines from the standard input containing a single-
quote character, prefixed with quote:.
The following are examples of simple awk programs:
1. Write to the standard output all input lines for which field
3 is greater than 5:
$3 > 5
2. Write every tenth line:
(NR % 10) == 0
3. Write any line with a substring matching the regular
expression:
/(G|D)(2[0-9][[:alpha:]]*)/
4. Print any line with a substring containing a 'G' or 'D',
followed by a sequence of digits and characters. This example
uses character classes digit and alpha to match language-
independent digit and alphabetic characters respectively:
/(G|D)([[:digit:][:alpha:]]*)/
5. Write any line in which the second field matches the regular
expression and the fourth field does not:
$2 ~ /xyz/ && $4 !~ /xyz/
6. Write any line in which the second field contains a
<backslash>:
$2 ~ /\\/
7. Write any line in which the second field contains a
<backslash>. Note that <backslash>-escapes are interpreted
twice; once in lexical processing of the string and once in
processing the regular expression:
$2 ~ "\\\\"
8. Write the second to the last and the last field in each line.
Separate the fields by a <colon>:
{OFS=":";print $(NF-1), $NF}
9. Write the line number and number of fields in each line. The
three strings representing the line number, the <colon>, and
the number of fields are concatenated and that string is
written to standard output:
{print NR ":" NF}
10. Write lines longer than 72 characters:
length($0) > 72
11. Write the first two fields in opposite order separated by
OFS:
{ print $2, $1 }
12. Same, with input fields separated by a <comma> or <space> and
<tab> characters, or both:
BEGIN { FS = ",[ \t]*|[ \t]+" }
{ print $2, $1 }
13. Add up the first column, print sum, and average:
{s += $1 }
END {print "sum is ", s, " average is", s/NR}
14. Write fields in reverse order, one per line (many lines out
for each line in):
{ for (i = NF; i > 0; --i) print $i }
15. Write all lines between occurrences of the strings start and
stop:
/start/, /stop/
16. Write all lines whose first field is different from the
previous one:
$1 != prev { print; prev = $1 }
17. Simulate echo:
BEGIN {
for (i = 1; i < ARGC; ++i)
printf("%s%s", ARGV[i], i==ARGC-1?"\n":" ")
}
18. Write the path prefixes contained in the PATH environment
variable, one per line:
BEGIN {
n = split (ENVIRON["PATH"], path, ":")
for (i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
print path[i]
}
19. If there is a file named input containing page headers of the
form: Page #
and a file named program that contains:
/Page/ { $2 = n++; }
{ print }
then the command line:
awk -f program n=5 input
prints the file input, filling in page numbers starting at 5.
This description is based on the new awk, ``nawk'', (see the
referenced The AWK Programming Language), which introduced a
number of new features to the historical awk:
1. New keywords: delete, do, function, return
2. New built-in functions: atan2, close, cos, gsub, match, rand,
sin, srand, sub, system
3. New predefined variables: FNR, ARGC, ARGV, RSTART, RLENGTH,
SUBSEP
4. New expression operators: ?, :, ,, ^
5. The FS variable and the third argument to split, now treated
as extended regular expressions.
6. The operator precedence, changed to more closely match the C
language. Two examples of code that operate differently are:
while ( n /= 10 > 1) ...
if (!"wk" ~ /bwk/) ...
Several features have been added based on newer implementations
of awk:
* Multiple instances of -f progfile are permitted.
* The new option -v assignment.
* The new predefined variable ENVIRON.
* New built-in functions toupper and tolower.
* More formatting capabilities are added to printf to match the
ISO C standard.
Earlier versions of this standard required implementations to
support multiple adjacent <semicolon>s, lines with one or more
<semicolon> before a rule (pattern-action pairs), and lines with
only <semicolon>(s). These are not required by this standard and
are considered poor programming practice, but can be accepted by
an implementation of awk as an extension.
The overall awk syntax has always been based on the C language,
with a few features from the shell command language and other
sources. Because of this, it is not completely compatible with
any other language, which has caused confusion for some users. It
is not the intent of the standard developers to address such
issues. A few relatively minor changes toward making the language
more compatible with the ISO C standard were made; most of these
changes are based on similar changes in recent implementations,
as described above. There remain several C-language conventions
that are not in awk. One of the notable ones is the <comma>
operator, which is commonly used to specify multiple expressions
in the C language for statement. Also, there are various places
where awk is more restrictive than the C language regarding the
type of expression that can be used in a given context. These
limitations are due to the different features that the awk
language does provide.
Regular expressions in awk have been extended somewhat from
historical implementations to make them a pure superset of
extended regular expressions, as defined by POSIX.1‐2008 (see the
Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Section 9.4, Extended
Regular Expressions). The main extensions are
internationalization features and interval expressions.
Historical implementations of awk have long supported
<backslash>-escape sequences as an extension to extended regular
expressions, and this extension has been retained despite
inconsistency with other utilities. The number of escape
sequences recognized in both extended regular expressions and
strings has varied (generally increasing with time) among
implementations. The set specified by POSIX.1‐2008 includes most
sequences known to be supported by popular implementations and by
the ISO C standard. One sequence that is not supported is
hexadecimal value escapes beginning with '\x'. This would allow
values expressed in more than 9 bits to be used within awk as in
the ISO C standard. However, because this syntax has a non-
deterministic length, it does not permit the subsequent character
to be a hexadecimal digit. This limitation can be dealt with in
the C language by the use of lexical string concatenation. In the
awk language, concatenation could also be a solution for strings,
but not for extended regular expressions (either lexical ERE
tokens or strings used dynamically as regular expressions).
Because of this limitation, the feature has not been added to
POSIX.1‐2008.
When a string variable is used in a context where an extended
regular expression normally appears (where the lexical token ERE
is used in the grammar) the string does not contain the literal
<slash> characters.
Some versions of awk allow the form:
func name(args, ... ) { statements }
This has been deprecated by the authors of the language, who
asked that it not be specified.
Historical implementations of awk produce an error if a next
statement is executed in a BEGIN action, and cause awk to
terminate if a next statement is executed in an END action. This
behavior has not been documented, and it was not believed that it
was necessary to standardize it.
The specification of conversions between string and numeric
values is much more detailed than in the documentation of
historical implementations or in the referenced The AWK
Programming Language. Although most of the behavior is designed
to be intuitive, the details are necessary to ensure compatible
behavior from different implementations. This is especially
important in relational expressions since the types of the
operands determine whether a string or numeric comparison is
performed. From the perspective of an application developer, it
is usually sufficient to expect intuitive behavior and to force
conversions (by adding zero or concatenating a null string) when
the type of an expression does not obviously match what is
needed. The intent has been to specify historical practice in
almost all cases. The one exception is that, in historical
implementations, variables and constants maintain both string and
numeric values after their original value is converted by any
use. This means that referencing a variable or constant can have
unexpected side-effects. For example, with historical
implementations the following program:
{
a = "+2"
b = 2
if (NR % 2)
c = a + b
if (a == b)
print "numeric comparison"
else
print "string comparison"
}
would perform a numeric comparison (and output numeric
comparison) for each odd-numbered line, but perform a string
comparison (and output string comparison) for each even-numbered
line. POSIX.1‐2008 ensures that comparisons will be numeric if
necessary. With historical implementations, the following
program:
BEGIN {
OFMT = "%e"
print 3.14
OFMT = "%f"
print 3.14
}
would output "3.140000e+00" twice, because in the second print
statement the constant "3.14" would have a string value from the
previous conversion. POSIX.1‐2008 requires that the output of the
second print statement be "3.140000". The behavior of historical
implementations was seen as too unintuitive and unpredictable.
It was pointed out that with the rules contained in early drafts,
the following script would print nothing:
BEGIN {
y[1.5] = 1
OFMT = "%e"
print y[1.5]
}
Therefore, a new variable, CONVFMT, was introduced. The OFMT
variable is now restricted to affecting output conversions of
numbers to strings and CONVFMT is used for internal conversions,
such as comparisons or array indexing. The default value is the
same as that for OFMT, so unless a program changes CONVFMT (which
no historical program would do), it will receive the historical
behavior associated with internal string conversions.
The POSIX awk lexical and syntactic conventions are specified
more formally than in other sources. Again the intent has been to
specify historical practice. One convention that may not be
obvious from the formal grammar as in other verbal descriptions
is where <newline> characters are acceptable. There are several
obvious placements such as terminating a statement, and a
<backslash> can be used to escape <newline> characters between
any lexical tokens. In addition, <newline> characters without
<backslash> characters can follow a comma, an open brace, a
logical AND operator ("&&"), a logical OR operator ("||"), the do
keyword, the else keyword, and the closing parenthesis of an if,
for, or while statement. For example:
{ print $1,
$2 }
The requirement that awk add a trailing <newline> to the program
argument text is to simplify the grammar, making it match a text
file in form. There is no way for an application or test suite to
determine whether a literal <newline> is added or whether awk
simply acts as if it did.
POSIX.1‐2008 requires several changes from historical
implementations in order to support internationalization.
Probably the most subtle of these is the use of the decimal-point
character, defined by the LC_NUMERIC category of the locale, in
representations of floating-point numbers. This locale-specific
character is used in recognizing numeric input, in converting
between strings and numeric values, and in formatting output.
However, regardless of locale, the <period> character (the
decimal-point character of the POSIX locale) is the decimal-point
character recognized in processing awk programs (including
assignments in command line arguments). This is essentially the
same convention as the one used in the ISO C standard. The
difference is that the C language includes the setlocale()
function, which permits an application to modify its locale.
Because of this capability, a C application begins executing with
its locale set to the C locale, and only executes in the
environment-specified locale after an explicit call to
setlocale(). However, adding such an elaborate new feature to
the awk language was seen as inappropriate for POSIX.1‐2008. It
is possible to execute an awk program explicitly in any desired
locale by setting the environment in the shell.
The undefined behavior resulting from NULs in extended regular
expressions allows future extensions for the GNU gawk program to
process binary data.
The behavior in the case of invalid awk programs (including
lexical, syntactic, and semantic errors) is undefined because it
was considered overly limiting on implementations to specify. In
most cases such errors can be expected to produce a diagnostic
and a non-zero exit status. However, some implementations may
choose to extend the language in ways that make use of certain
invalid constructs. Other invalid constructs might be deemed
worthy of a warning, but otherwise cause some reasonable
behavior. Still other constructs may be very difficult to detect
in some implementations. Also, different implementations might
detect a given error during an initial parsing of the program
(before reading any input files) while others might detect it
when executing the program after reading some input. Implementors
should be aware that diagnosing errors as early as possible and
producing useful diagnostics can ease debugging of applications,
and thus make an implementation more usable.
The unspecified behavior from using multi-character RS values is
to allow possible future extensions based on extended regular
expressions used for record separators. Historical
implementations take the first character of the string and ignore
the others.
Unspecified behavior when split(string,array,<null>) is used is
to allow a proposed future extension that would split up a string
into an array of individual characters.
In the context of the getline function, equally good arguments
for different precedences of the | and < operators can be made.
Historical practice has been that:
getline < "a" "b"
is parsed as:
( getline < "a" ) "b"
although many would argue that the intent was that the file ab
should be read. However:
getline < "x" + 1
parses as:
getline < ( "x" + 1 )
Similar problems occur with the | version of getline,
particularly in combination with $. For example:
$"echo hi" | getline
(This situation is particularly problematic when used in a print
statement, where the |getline part might be a redirection of the
print.)
Since in most cases such constructs are not (or at least should
not) be used (because they have a natural ambiguity for which
there is no conventional parsing), the meaning of these
constructs has been made explicitly unspecified. (The effect is
that a conforming application that runs into the problem must
parenthesize to resolve the ambiguity.) There appeared to be few
if any actual uses of such constructs.
Grammars can be written that would cause an error under these
circumstances. Where backwards-compatibility is not a large
consideration, implementors may wish to use such grammars.
Some historical implementations have allowed some built-in
functions to be called without an argument list, the result being
a default argument list chosen in some ``reasonable'' way. Use of
length as a synonym for length($0) is the only one of these forms
that is thought to be widely known or widely used; this
particular form is documented in various places (for example,
most historical awk reference pages, although not in the
referenced The AWK Programming Language) as legitimate practice.
With this exception, default argument lists have always been
undocumented and vaguely defined, and it is not at all clear how
(or if) they should be generalized to user-defined functions.
They add no useful functionality and preclude possible future
extensions that might need to name functions without calling
them. Not standardizing them seems the simplest course. The
standard developers considered that length merited special
treatment, however, since it has been documented in the past and
sees possibly substantial use in historical programs.
Accordingly, this usage has been made legitimate, but Issue 5
removed the obsolescent marking for XSI-conforming
implementations and many otherwise conforming applications depend
on this feature.
In sub and gsub, if repl is a string literal (the lexical token
STRING), then two consecutive <backslash> characters should be
used in the string to ensure a single <backslash> will precede
the <ampersand> when the resultant string is passed to the
function. (For example, to specify one literal <ampersand> in the
replacement string, use gsub(ERE, "\\&").)
Historically, the only special character in the repl argument of
sub and gsub string functions was the <ampersand> ('&') character
and preceding it with the <backslash> character was used to turn
off its special meaning.
The description in the ISO POSIX‐2:1993 standard introduced
behavior such that the <backslash> character was another special
character and it was unspecified whether there were any other
special characters. This description introduced several
portability problems, some of which are described below, and so
it has been replaced with the more historical description. Some
of the problems include:
* Historically, to create the replacement string, a script
could use gsub(ERE, "\\&"), but with the ISO POSIX‐2:1993
standard wording, it was necessary to use gsub(ERE, "\\\\&").
The <backslash> characters are doubled here because all
string literals are subject to lexical analysis, which would
reduce each pair of <backslash> characters to a single
<backslash> before being passed to gsub.
* Since it was unspecified what the special characters were,
for portable scripts to guarantee that characters are printed
literally, each character had to be preceded with a
<backslash>. (For example, a portable script had to use
gsub(ERE, "\\h\\i") to produce a replacement string of "hi".)
The description for comparisons in the ISO POSIX‐2:1993 standard
did not properly describe historical practice because of the way
numeric strings are compared as numbers. The current rules cause
the following code:
if (0 == "000")
print "strange, but true"
else
print "not true"
to do a numeric comparison, causing the if to succeed. It should
be intuitively obvious that this is incorrect behavior, and
indeed, no historical implementation of awk actually behaves this
way.
To fix this problem, the definition of numeric string was
enhanced to include only those values obtained from specific
circumstances (mostly external sources) where it is not possible
to determine unambiguously whether the value is intended to be a
string or a numeric.
Variables that are assigned to a numeric string shall also be
treated as a numeric string. (For example, the notion of a
numeric string can be propagated across assignments.) In
comparisons, all variables having the uninitialized value are to
be treated as a numeric operand evaluating to the numeric value
zero.
Uninitialized variables include all types of variables including
scalars, array elements, and fields. The definition of an
uninitialized value in Variables and Special Variables is
necessary to describe the value placed on uninitialized variables
and on fields that are valid (for example, < $NF) but have no
characters in them and to describe how these variables are to be
used in comparisons. A valid field, such as $1, that has no
characters in it can be obtained from an input line of "\t\t"
when FS='\t'. Historically, the comparison ($1<10) was done
numerically after evaluating $1 to the value zero.
The phrase ``... also shall have the numeric value of the numeric
string'' was removed from several sections of the
ISO POSIX‐2:1993 standard because is specifies an unnecessary
implementation detail. It is not necessary for POSIX.1‐2008 to
specify that these objects be assigned two different values. It
is only necessary to specify that these objects may evaluate to
two different values depending on context.
Historical implementations of awk did not parse hexadecimal
integer or floating constants like "0xa" and "0xap0". Due to an
oversight, the 2001 through 2004 editions of this standard
required support for hexadecimal floating constants. This was due
to the reference to atof(). This version of the standard allows
but does not require implementations to use atof() and includes a
description of how floating-point numbers are recognized as an
alternative to match historic behavior. The intent of this change
is to allow implementations to recognize floating-point constants
according to either the ISO/IEC 9899:1990 standard or
ISO/IEC 9899:1999 standard, and to allow (but not require)
implementations to recognize hexadecimal integer constants.
Historical implementations of awk did not support floating-point
infinities and NaNs in numeric strings; e.g., "-INF" and "NaN".
However, implementations that use the atof() or strtod()
functions to do the conversion picked up support for these values
if they used a ISO/IEC 9899:1999 standard version of the function
instead of a ISO/IEC 9899:1990 standard version. Due to an
oversight, the 2001 through 2004 editions of this standard did
not allow support for infinities and NaNs, but in this revision
support is allowed (but not required). This is a silent change to
the behavior of awk programs; for example, in the POSIX locale
the expression:
("-INF" + 0 < 0)
formerly had the value 0 because "-INF" converted to 0, but now
it may have the value 0 or 1.
A future version of this standard may require the "!=" and "=="
operators to perform string comparisons by checking if the
strings are identical (and not by checking if they collate
equally).
Section 1.3, Grammar Conventions, grep(1p), lex(1p), sed(1p)
The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Chapter 5, File
Format Notation, Section 6.1, Portable Character Set, Chapter 8,
Environment Variables, Chapter 9, Regular Expressions, Section
12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines
The System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2017, atof(3p), exec(1p),
isspace(3p), popen(3p), setlocale(3p), strtod(3p)
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic
form from IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, Standard for Information
Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The
Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, 2018 Edition, Copyright
(C) 2018 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any
discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and The
Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group
Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be
obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .
Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page
are most likely to have been introduced during the conversion of
the source files to man page format. To report such errors, see
https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .
IEEE/The Open Group 2017 AWK(1P)
Pages that refer to this page: bc(1p), colrm(1), join(1p), printf(1p), sed(1p)
|
HTML rendering created 2024-06-26 by Michael Kerrisk, author of The Linux Programming Interface. For details of in-depth Linux/UNIX system programming training courses that I teach, look here. Hosting by jambit GmbH. |
|