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HTML rendering created 2023-12-22 by Michael Kerrisk, author of The Linux Programming Interface. For details of in-depth Linux/UNIX system programming training courses that I teach, look here. Hosting by jambit GmbH. |
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NAME | LIBRARY | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | RETURN VALUE | ERRORS | STANDARDS | HISTORY | EXAMPLES | SEE ALSO |
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printf.h(3head) printf.h(3head)
printf.h, register_printf_specifier, register_printf_modifier,
register_printf_type, printf_function,
printf_arginfo_size_function, printf_va_arg_function,
printf_info, PA_INT, PA_CHAR, PA_WCHAR, PA_STRING, PA_WSTRING,
PA_POINTER, PA_FLOAT, PA_DOUBLE, PA_LAST, PA_FLAG_LONG_LONG,
PA_FLAG_LONG_DOUBLE, PA_FLAG_LONG, PA_FLAG_SHORT, PA_FLAG_PTR -
define custom behavior for printf-like functions
Standard C library (libc, -lc)
#include <printf.h>
int register_printf_specifier(int spec, printf_function func,
printf_arginfo_size_function arginfo);
int register_printf_modifier(const wchar_t *str);
int register_printf_type(printf_va_arg_function fct);
Callbacks
typedef int printf_function(FILE *stream, const struct printf_info *info,
const void *const args[]);
typedef int printf_arginfo_size_function(const struct printf_info *info,
size_t n, int argtypes[n], int size[n]);
typedef void printf_va_arg_function(void *mem, va_list *ap);
Types
struct printf_info {
int prec; // Precision
int width; // Width
wchar_t spec; // Format letter
unsigned int is_long_double:1;// L or ll flag
unsigned int is_short:1; // h flag
unsigned int is_long:1; // l flag
unsigned int alt:1; // # flag
unsigned int space:1; // Space flag
unsigned int left:1; // - flag
unsigned int showsign:1; // + flag
unsigned int group:1; // ' flag
unsigned int extra:1; // For special use
unsigned int is_char:1; // hh flag
unsigned int wide:1; // True for wide character streams
unsigned int i18n:1; // I flag
unsigned int is_binary128:1; /* Floating-point argument is
ABI-compatible with
IEC 60559 binary128 */
unsigned short user; // Bits for user-installed modifiers
wchar_t pad; // Padding character
};
Constants
#define PA_FLAG_LONG_LONG /* ... */
#define PA_FLAG_LONG_DOUBLE /* ... */
#define PA_FLAG_LONG /* ... */
#define PA_FLAG_SHORT /* ... */
#define PA_FLAG_PTR /* ... */
These functions serve to extend and/or modify the behavior of the
printf(3) family of functions.
register_printf_specifier()
This function registers a custom conversion specifier for the
printf(3) family of functions.
spec The character which will be used as a conversion specifier
in the format string.
func Callback function that will be executed by the printf(3)
family of functions to format the input arguments into the
output stream.
stream Output stream where the formatted output should be
printed. This stream transparently represents the
output, even in the case of functions that write to
a string.
info Structure that holds context information, including
the modifiers specified in the format string. This
holds the same contents as in arginfo.
args Array of pointers to the arguments to the
printf(3)-like function.
arginfo
Callback function that will be executed by the printf(3)
family of functions to know how many arguments should be
parsed for the custom specifier and also their types.
info Structure that holds context information, including
the modifiers specified in the format string. This
holds the same contents as in func.
n Number of arguments remaining to be parsed.
argtypes
This array should be set to define the type of each
of the arguments that will be parsed. Each element
in the array represents one of the arguments to be
parsed, in the same order that they are passed to
the printf(3)-like function. Each element should
be set to a base type (PA_*) from the enum above,
or a custom one, and optionally ORed with an
appropriate length modifier (PA_FLAG_*).
The type is determined by using one of the
following constants:
PA_INT int.
PA_CHAR
int, cast to char.
PA_WCHAR
wchar_t.
PA_STRING
const char *, a '\0'-terminated string.
PA_WSTRING
const wchar_t *, a wide character
L'\0'-terminated string.
PA_POINTER
void *.
PA_FLOAT
float.
PA_DOUBLE
double.
PA_LAST
TODO.
size For user-defined types, the size of the type (in
bytes) should also be specified through this array.
Otherwise, leave it unused.
arginfo is called before func, and prepares some information
needed to call func.
register_printf_modifier()
TODO
register_printf_type()
TODO
register_printf_specifier(), register_printf_modifier(), and
register_printf_type() return zero on success, or -1 on error.
Callbacks
The callback of type printf_function should return the number of
characters written, or -1 on error.
The callback of type printf_arginfo_size_function should return
the number of arguments to be parsed by this specifier. It also
passes information about the type of those arguments to the
caller through argtypes. On error, it should return -1.
EINVAL The specifier was not a valid character.
GNU.
register_printf_function(3) is an older function similar to
register_printf_specifier(), and is now deprecated. That
function can't handle user-defined types.
register_printf_specifier() superseeds
register_printf_function(3).
The following example program registers the 'b' and 'B'
specifiers to print integers in binary format, mirroring rules
for other unsigned conversion specifiers like 'x' and 'u'. This
can be used to print in binary prior to C23.
/* This code is in the public domain */
#include <err.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/param.h>
#include <printf.h>
#define GROUP_SEP '\''
struct Printf_Pad {
char ch;
size_t len;
};
static int b_printf(FILE *stream, const struct printf_info *info,
const void *const args[]);
static int b_arginf_sz(const struct printf_info *info,
size_t n, int argtypes[n], int size[n]);
static uintmax_t b_value(const struct printf_info *info,
const void *arg);
static size_t b_bin_repr(char bin[UINTMAX_WIDTH],
const struct printf_info *info, const void *arg);
static size_t b_bin_len(const struct printf_info *info,
ptrdiff_t min_len);
static size_t b_pad_len(const struct printf_info *info,
ptrdiff_t bin_len);
static ssize_t b_print_prefix(FILE *stream,
const struct printf_info *info);
static ssize_t b_pad_zeros(FILE *stream, const struct printf_info *info,
ptrdiff_t min_len);
static ssize_t b_print_number(FILE *stream,
const struct printf_info *info,
const char bin[UINTMAX_WIDTH],
size_t min_len, size_t bin_len);
static char pad_ch(const struct printf_info *info);
static ssize_t pad_spaces(FILE *stream, size_t pad_len);
int
main(void)
{
if (register_printf_specifier('b', b_printf, b_arginf_sz) == -1)
err(EXIT_FAILURE, "register_printf_specifier('b', ...)");
if (register_printf_specifier('B', b_printf, b_arginf_sz) == -1)
err(EXIT_FAILURE, "register_printf_specifier('B', ...)");
printf("....----....----....----....----\n");
printf("%llb;\n", 0x5Ellu);
printf("%lB;\n", 0x5Elu);
printf("%b;\n", 0x5Eu);
printf("%hB;\n", 0x5Eu);
printf("%hhb;\n", 0x5Eu);
printf("%jb;\n", (uintmax_t)0x5E);
printf("%zb;\n", (size_t)0x5E);
printf("....----....----....----....----\n");
printf("%#b;\n", 0x5Eu);
printf("%#B;\n", 0x5Eu);
printf("....----....----....----....----\n");
printf("%10b;\n", 0x5Eu);
printf("%010b;\n", 0x5Eu);
printf("%.10b;\n", 0x5Eu);
printf("....----....----....----....----\n");
printf("%-10B;\n", 0x5Eu);
printf("....----....----....----....----\n");
printf("%'B;\n", 0x5Eu);
printf("....----....----....----....----\n");
printf("....----....----....----....----\n");
printf("%#16.12b;\n", 0xAB);
printf("%-#'20.12b;\n", 0xAB);
printf("%#'020B;\n", 0xAB);
printf("....----....----....----....----\n");
printf("%#020B;\n", 0xAB);
printf("%'020B;\n", 0xAB);
printf("%020B;\n", 0xAB);
printf("....----....----....----....----\n");
printf("%#021B;\n", 0xAB);
printf("%'021B;\n", 0xAB);
printf("%021B;\n", 0xAB);
printf("....----....----....----....----\n");
printf("%#022B;\n", 0xAB);
printf("%'022B;\n", 0xAB);
printf("%022B;\n", 0xAB);
printf("....----....----....----....----\n");
printf("%#023B;\n", 0xAB);
printf("%'023B;\n", 0xAB);
printf("%023B;\n", 0xAB);
printf("....----....----....----....----\n");
printf("%-#'19.11b;\n", 0xAB);
printf("%#'019B;\n", 0xAB);
printf("%#019B;\n", 0xAB);
printf("....----....----....----....----\n");
printf("%'019B;\n", 0xAB);
printf("%019B;\n", 0xAB);
printf("%#016b;\n", 0xAB);
printf("....----....----....----....----\n");
return 0;
}
static int
b_printf(FILE *stream, const struct printf_info *info,
const void *const args[])
{
char bin[UINTMAX_WIDTH];
size_t min_len, bin_len;
ssize_t len, tmp;
struct Printf_Pad pad = {0};
len = 0;
min_len = b_bin_repr(bin, info, args[0]);
bin_len = b_bin_len(info, min_len);
pad.ch = pad_ch(info);
if (pad.ch == ' ')
pad.len = b_pad_len(info, bin_len);
/* Padding with ' ' (right aligned) */
if ((pad.ch == ' ') && !info->left) {
tmp = pad_spaces(stream, pad.len);
if (tmp == EOF)
return EOF;
len += tmp;
}
/* "0b"/"0B" prefix */
if (info->alt) {
tmp = b_print_prefix(stream, info);
if (tmp == EOF)
return EOF;
len += tmp;
}
/* Padding with '0' */
if (pad.ch == '0') {
tmp = b_pad_zeros(stream, info, min_len);
if (tmp == EOF)
return EOF;
len += tmp;
}
/* Print number (including leading 0s to fill precision) */
tmp = b_print_number(stream, info, bin, min_len, bin_len);
if (tmp == EOF)
return EOF;
len += tmp;
/* Padding with ' ' (left aligned) */
if (info->left) {
tmp = pad_spaces(stream, pad.len);
if (tmp == EOF)
return EOF;
len += tmp;
}
return len;
}
static int
b_arginf_sz(const struct printf_info *info, size_t n, int argtypes[n],
[[maybe_unused]] int size[n])
{
if (n < 1)
return -1;
if (info->is_long_double)
argtypes[0] = PA_INT | PA_FLAG_LONG_LONG;
else if (info->is_long)
argtypes[0] = PA_INT | PA_FLAG_LONG;
else
argtypes[0] = PA_INT;
return 1;
}
static uintmax_t
b_value(const struct printf_info *info, const void *arg)
{
if (info->is_long_double)
return *(const unsigned long long *)arg;
if (info->is_long)
return *(const unsigned long *)arg;
/* short and char are both promoted to int */
return *(const unsigned int *)arg;
}
static size_t
b_bin_repr(char bin[UINTMAX_WIDTH],
const struct printf_info *info, const void *arg)
{
size_t min_len;
uintmax_t val;
val = b_value(info, arg);
bin[0] = '0';
for (min_len = 0; val; min_len++) {
bin[min_len] = '0' + (val % 2);
val >>= 1;
}
return MAX(min_len, 1);
}
static size_t
b_bin_len(const struct printf_info *info, ptrdiff_t min_len)
{
return MAX(info->prec, min_len);
}
static size_t
b_pad_len(const struct printf_info *info, ptrdiff_t bin_len)
{
ptrdiff_t pad_len;
pad_len = info->width - bin_len;
if (info->alt)
pad_len -= 2;
if (info->group)
pad_len -= (bin_len - 1) / 4;
return MAX(pad_len, 0);
}
static ssize_t
b_print_prefix(FILE *stream, const struct printf_info *info)
{
ssize_t len;
len = 0;
if (fputc('0', stream) == EOF)
return EOF;
len++;
if (fputc(info->spec, stream) == EOF)
return EOF;
len++;
return len;
}
static ssize_t
b_pad_zeros(FILE *stream, const struct printf_info *info,
ptrdiff_t min_len)
{
ssize_t len;
ptrdiff_t tmp;
len = 0;
tmp = info->width - (info->alt * 2);
if (info->group)
tmp -= tmp / 5 - !(tmp % 5);
for (ptrdiff_t i = tmp - 1; i > min_len - 1; i--) {
if (fputc('0', stream) == EOF)
return EOF;
len++;
if (!info->group || (i % 4))
continue;
if (fputc(GROUP_SEP, stream) == EOF)
return EOF;
len++;
}
return len;
}
static ssize_t
b_print_number(FILE *stream, const struct printf_info *info,
const char bin[UINTMAX_WIDTH],
size_t min_len, size_t bin_len)
{
ssize_t len;
len = 0;
/* Print leading zeros to fill precision */
for (size_t i = bin_len - 1; i > min_len - 1; i--) {
if (fputc('0', stream) == EOF)
return EOF;
len++;
if (!info->group || (i % 4))
continue;
if (fputc(GROUP_SEP, stream) == EOF)
return EOF;
len++;
}
/* Print number */
for (size_t i = min_len - 1; i < min_len; i--) {
if (fputc(bin[i], stream) == EOF)
return EOF;
len++;
if (!info->group || (i % 4) || !i)
continue;
if (fputc(GROUP_SEP, stream) == EOF)
return EOF;
len++;
}
return len;
}
static char
pad_ch(const struct printf_info *info)
{
if ((info->prec != -1) || (info->pad == ' ') || info->left)
return ' ';
return '0';
}
static ssize_t
pad_spaces(FILE *stream, size_t pad_len)
{
ssize_t len;
len = 0;
for (size_t i = pad_len - 1; i < pad_len; i--) {
if (fputc(' ', stream) == EOF)
return EOF;
len++;
}
return len;
}
asprintf(3), printf(3), wprintf(3)
Linux man-pages (unreleased) 2022-09-18 printf.h(3head)
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HTML rendering created 2023-12-22 by Michael Kerrisk, author of The Linux Programming Interface. For details of in-depth Linux/UNIX system programming training courses that I teach, look here. Hosting by jambit GmbH. |
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