proc(5) — Linux manual page

NAME | DESCRIPTION | NOTES | SEE ALSO

proc(5)                    File Formats Manual                   proc(5)

NAME         top

       proc - process information, system information, and sysctl
       pseudo-filesystem

DESCRIPTION         top

       The proc filesystem is a pseudo-filesystem which provides an
       interface to kernel data structures.  It is commonly mounted at
       /proc.  Typically, it is mounted automatically by the system, but
       it can also be mounted manually using a command such as:

           mount -t proc proc /proc

       Most of the files in the proc filesystem are read-only, but some
       files are writable, allowing kernel variables to be changed.

   Mount options
       The proc filesystem supports the following mount options:

       hidepid=n (since Linux 3.3)
              This option controls who can access the information in
              /proc/pid directories.  The argument, n, is one of the
              following values:

              0   Everybody may access all /proc/pid directories.  This
                  is the traditional behavior, and the default if this
                  mount option is not specified.

              1   Users may not access files and subdirectories inside
                  any /proc/pid directories but their own (the /proc/pid
                  directories themselves remain visible).  Sensitive
                  files such as /proc/pid/cmdline and /proc/pid/status
                  are now protected against other users.  This makes it
                  impossible to learn whether any user is running a
                  specific program (so long as the program doesn't
                  otherwise reveal itself by its behavior).

              2   As for mode 1, but in addition the /proc/pid
                  directories belonging to other users become invisible.
                  This means that /proc/pid entries can no longer be
                  used to discover the PIDs on the system.  This doesn't
                  hide the fact that a process with a specific PID value
                  exists (it can be learned by other means, for example,
                  by "kill -0 $PID"), but it hides a process's UID and
                  GID, which could otherwise be learned by employing
                  stat(2) on a /proc/pid directory.  This greatly
                  complicates an attacker's task of gathering
                  information about running processes (e.g., discovering
                  whether some daemon is running with elevated
                  privileges, whether another user is running some
                  sensitive program, whether other users are running any
                  program at all, and so on).

       gid=gid (since Linux 3.3)
              Specifies the ID of a group whose members are authorized
              to learn process information otherwise prohibited by
              hidepid (i.e., users in this group behave as though /proc
              was mounted with hidepid=0).  This group should be used
              instead of approaches such as putting nonroot users into
              the sudoers(5) file.

   Overview
       Underneath /proc, there are the following general groups of files
       and subdirectories:

       /proc/pid subdirectories
              Each one of these subdirectories contains files and
              subdirectories exposing information about the process with
              the corresponding process ID.

              Underneath each of the /proc/pid directories, a task
              subdirectory contains subdirectories of the form task/tid,
              which contain corresponding information about each of the
              threads in the process, where tid is the kernel thread ID
              of the thread.

              The /proc/pid subdirectories are visible when iterating
              through /proc with getdents(2) (and thus are visible when
              one uses ls(1) to view the contents of /proc).

       /proc/tid subdirectories
              Each one of these subdirectories contains files and
              subdirectories exposing information about the thread with
              the corresponding thread ID.  The contents of these
              directories are the same as the corresponding
              /proc/pid/task/tid directories.

              The /proc/tid subdirectories are not visible when
              iterating through /proc with getdents(2) (and thus are not
              visible when one uses ls(1) to view the contents of
              /proc).

       /proc/self
              When a process accesses this magic symbolic link, it
              resolves to the process's own /proc/pid directory.

       /proc/thread-self
              When a thread accesses this magic symbolic link, it
              resolves to the process's own /proc/self/task/tid
              directory.

       /proc/[a-z]*
              Various other files and subdirectories under /proc expose
              system-wide information.

       All of the above are described in more detail below.

   Files and directories
       The following list provides details of many of the files and
       directories under the /proc hierarchy.

       /proc/pid
              There is a numerical subdirectory for each running
              process; the subdirectory is named by the process ID.
              Each /proc/pid subdirectory contains the pseudo-files and
              directories described below.

              The files inside each /proc/pid directory are normally
              owned by the effective user and effective group ID of the
              process.  However, as a security measure, the ownership is
              made root:root if the process's "dumpable" attribute is
              set to a value other than 1.

              Before Linux 4.11, root:root meant the "global" root user
              ID and group ID (i.e., UID 0 and GID 0 in the initial user
              namespace).  Since Linux 4.11, if the process is in a
              noninitial user namespace that has a valid mapping for
              user (group) ID 0 inside the namespace, then the user
              (group) ownership of the files under /proc/pid is instead
              made the same as the root user (group) ID of the
              namespace.  This means that inside a container, things
              work as expected for the container "root" user.

              The process's "dumpable" attribute may change for the
              following reasons:

              •  The attribute was explicitly set via the prctl(2)
                 PR_SET_DUMPABLE operation.

              •  The attribute was reset to the value in the file
                 /proc/sys/fs/suid_dumpable (described below), for the
                 reasons described in prctl(2).

              Resetting the "dumpable" attribute to 1 reverts the
              ownership of the /proc/pid/* files to the process's
              effective UID and GID.  Note, however, that if the
              effective UID or GID is subsequently modified, then the
              "dumpable" attribute may be reset, as described in
              prctl(2).  Therefore, it may be desirable to reset the
              "dumpable" attribute after making any desired changes to
              the process's effective UID or GID.

       /proc/pid/attr
              The files in this directory provide an API for security
              modules.  The contents of this directory are files that
              can be read and written in order to set security-related
              attributes.  This directory was added to support SELinux,
              but the intention was that the API be general enough to
              support other security modules.  For the purpose of
              explanation, examples of how SELinux uses these files are
              provided below.

              This directory is present only if the kernel was
              configured with CONFIG_SECURITY.

       /proc/pid/attr/current (since Linux 2.6.0)
              The contents of this file represent the current security
              attributes of the process.

              In SELinux, this file is used to get the security context
              of a process.  Prior to Linux 2.6.11, this file could not
              be used to set the security context (a write was always
              denied), since SELinux limited process security
              transitions to execve(2) (see the description of
              /proc/pid/attr/exec, below).  Since Linux 2.6.11, SELinux
              lifted this restriction and began supporting "set"
              operations via writes to this node if authorized by
              policy, although use of this operation is only suitable
              for applications that are trusted to maintain any desired
              separation between the old and new security contexts.

              Prior to Linux 2.6.28, SELinux did not allow threads
              within a multithreaded process to set their security
              context via this node as it would yield an inconsistency
              among the security contexts of the threads sharing the
              same memory space.  Since Linux 2.6.28, SELinux lifted
              this restriction and began supporting "set" operations for
              threads within a multithreaded process if the new security
              context is bounded by the old security context, where the
              bounded relation is defined in policy and guarantees that
              the new security context has a subset of the permissions
              of the old security context.

              Other security modules may choose to support "set"
              operations via writes to this node.

       /proc/pid/attr/exec (since Linux 2.6.0)
              This file represents the attributes to assign to the
              process upon a subsequent execve(2).

              In SELinux, this is needed to support role/domain
              transitions, and execve(2) is the preferred point to make
              such transitions because it offers better control over the
              initialization of the process in the new security label
              and the inheritance of state.  In SELinux, this attribute
              is reset on execve(2) so that the new program reverts to
              the default behavior for any execve(2) calls that it may
              make.  In SELinux, a process can set only its own
              /proc/pid/attr/exec attribute.

       /proc/pid/attr/fscreate (since Linux 2.6.0)
              This file represents the attributes to assign to files
              created by subsequent calls to open(2), mkdir(2),
              symlink(2), and mknod(2)

              SELinux employs this file to support creation of a file
              (using the aforementioned system calls) in a secure state,
              so that there is no risk of inappropriate access being
              obtained between the time of creation and the time that
              attributes are set.  In SELinux, this attribute is reset
              on execve(2), so that the new program reverts to the
              default behavior for any file creation calls it may make,
              but the attribute will persist across multiple file
              creation calls within a program unless it is explicitly
              reset.  In SELinux, a process can set only its own
              /proc/pid/attr/fscreate attribute.

       /proc/pid/attr/keycreate (since Linux 2.6.18)
              If a process writes a security context into this file, all
              subsequently created keys (add_key(2)) will be labeled
              with this context.  For further information, see the
              kernel source file Documentation/security/keys/core.rst
              (or file Documentation/security/keys.txt between Linux 3.0
              and Linux 4.13, or Documentation/keys.txt before Linux
              3.0).

       /proc/pid/attr/prev (since Linux 2.6.0)
              This file contains the security context of the process
              before the last execve(2); that is, the previous value of
              /proc/pid/attr/current.

       /proc/pid/attr/socketcreate (since Linux 2.6.18)
              If a process writes a security context into this file, all
              subsequently created sockets will be labeled with this
              context.

       /proc/pid/autogroup (since Linux 2.6.38)
              See sched(7).

       /proc/pid/auxv (since Linux 2.6.0)
              This contains the contents of the ELF interpreter
              information passed to the process at exec time.  The
              format is one unsigned long ID plus one unsigned long
              value for each entry.  The last entry contains two zeros.
              See also getauxval(3).

              Permission to access this file is governed by a ptrace
              access mode PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).

       /proc/pid/cgroup (since Linux 2.6.24)
              See cgroups(7).

       /proc/pid/clear_refs (since Linux 2.6.22)

              This is a write-only file, writable only by owner of the
              process.

              The following values may be written to the file:

              1 (since Linux 2.6.22)
                     Reset the PG_Referenced and ACCESSED/YOUNG bits for
                     all the pages associated with the process.  (Before
                     Linux 2.6.32, writing any nonzero value to this
                     file had this effect.)

              2 (since Linux 2.6.32)
                     Reset the PG_Referenced and ACCESSED/YOUNG bits for
                     all anonymous pages associated with the process.

              3 (since Linux 2.6.32)
                     Reset the PG_Referenced and ACCESSED/YOUNG bits for
                     all file-mapped pages associated with the process.

              Clearing the PG_Referenced and ACCESSED/YOUNG bits
              provides a method to measure approximately how much memory
              a process is using.  One first inspects the values in the
              "Referenced" fields for the VMAs shown in /proc/pid/smaps
              to get an idea of the memory footprint of the process.
              One then clears the PG_Referenced and ACCESSED/YOUNG bits
              and, after some measured time interval, once again
              inspects the values in the "Referenced" fields to get an
              idea of the change in memory footprint of the process
              during the measured interval.  If one is interested only
              in inspecting the selected mapping types, then the value 2
              or 3 can be used instead of 1.

              Further values can be written to affect different
              properties:

              4 (since Linux 3.11)
                     Clear the soft-dirty bit for all the pages
                     associated with the process.  This is used (in
                     conjunction with /proc/pid/pagemap) by the check-
                     point restore system to discover which pages of a
                     process have been dirtied since the file
                     /proc/pid/clear_refs was written to.

              5 (since Linux 4.0)
                     Reset the peak resident set size ("high water
                     mark") to the process's current resident set size
                     value.

              Writing any value to /proc/pid/clear_refs other than those
              listed above has no effect.

              The /proc/pid/clear_refs file is present only if the
              CONFIG_PROC_PAGE_MONITOR kernel configuration option is
              enabled.

       /proc/pid/cmdline
              This read-only file holds the complete command line for
              the process, unless the process is a zombie.  In the
              latter case, there is nothing in this file: that is, a
              read on this file will return 0 characters.

              For processes which are still running, the command-line
              arguments appear in this file in the same layout as they
              do in process memory: If the process is well-behaved, it
              is a set of strings separated by null bytes ('\0'), with a
              further null byte after the last string.

              This is the common case, but processes have the freedom to
              override the memory region and break assumptions about the
              contents or format of the /proc/pid/cmdline file.

              If, after an execve(2), the process modifies its argv
              strings, those changes will show up here.  This is not the
              same thing as modifying the argv array.

              Furthermore, a process may change the memory location that
              this file refers via prctl(2) operations such as
              PR_SET_MM_ARG_START.

              Think of this file as the command line that the process
              wants you to see.

       /proc/pid/comm (since Linux 2.6.33)
              This file exposes the process's comm value—that is, the
              command name associated with the process.  Different
              threads in the same process may have different comm
              values, accessible via /proc/pid/task/tid/comm.  A thread
              may modify its comm value, or that of any of other thread
              in the same thread group (see the discussion of
              CLONE_THREAD in clone(2)), by writing to the file
              /proc/self/task/tid/comm.  Strings longer than
              TASK_COMM_LEN (16) characters (including the terminating
              null byte) are silently truncated.

              This file provides a superset of the prctl(2) PR_SET_NAME
              and PR_GET_NAME operations, and is employed by
              pthread_setname_np(3) when used to rename threads other
              than the caller.  The value in this file is used for the
              %e specifier in /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern; see
              core(5).

       /proc/pid/coredump_filter (since Linux 2.6.23)
              See core(5).

       /proc/pid/cpuset (since Linux 2.6.12)
              See cpuset(7).

       /proc/pid/cwd
              This is a symbolic link to the current working directory
              of the process.  To find out the current working directory
              of process 20, for instance, you can do this:

                  $ cd /proc/20/cwd; pwd -P

              In a multithreaded process, the contents of this symbolic
              link are not available if the main thread has already
              terminated (typically by calling pthread_exit(3)).

              Permission to dereference or read (readlink(2)) this
              symbolic link is governed by a ptrace access mode
              PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).

       /proc/pid/environ
              This file contains the initial environment that was set
              when the currently executing program was started via
              execve(2).  The entries are separated by null bytes
              ('\0'), and there may be a null byte at the end.  Thus, to
              print out the environment of process 1, you would do:

                  $ cat /proc/1/environ | tr '\000' '\n'

              If, after an execve(2), the process modifies its
              environment (e.g., by calling functions such as putenv(3)
              or modifying the environ(7) variable directly), this file
              will not reflect those changes.

              Furthermore, a process may change the memory location that
              this file refers via prctl(2) operations such as
              PR_SET_MM_ENV_START.

              Permission to access this file is governed by a ptrace
              access mode PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).

       /proc/pid/exe
              Under Linux 2.2 and later, this file is a symbolic link
              containing the actual pathname of the executed command.
              This symbolic link can be dereferenced normally;
              attempting to open it will open the executable.  You can
              even type /proc/pid/exe to run another copy of the same
              executable that is being run by process pid.  If the
              pathname has been unlinked, the symbolic link will contain
              the string ' (deleted)' appended to the original pathname.
              In a multithreaded process, the contents of this symbolic
              link are not available if the main thread has already
              terminated (typically by calling pthread_exit(3)).

              Permission to dereference or read (readlink(2)) this
              symbolic link is governed by a ptrace access mode
              PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).

              Under Linux 2.0 and earlier, /proc/pid/exe is a pointer to
              the binary which was executed, and appears as a symbolic
              link.  A readlink(2) call on this file under Linux 2.0
              returns a string in the format:

                  [device]:inode

              For example, [0301]:1502 would be inode 1502 on device
              major 03 (IDE, MFM, etc. drives) minor 01 (first partition
              on the first drive).

              find(1) with the -inum option can be used to locate the
              file.

       /proc/pid/fd/
              This is a subdirectory containing one entry for each file
              which the process has open, named by its file descriptor,
              and which is a symbolic link to the actual file.  Thus, 0
              is standard input, 1 standard output, 2 standard error,
              and so on.

              For file descriptors for pipes and sockets, the entries
              will be symbolic links whose content is the file type with
              the inode.  A readlink(2) call on this file returns a
              string in the format:

                  type:[inode]

              For example, socket:[2248868] will be a socket and its
              inode is 2248868.  For sockets, that inode can be used to
              find more information in one of the files under
              /proc/net/.

              For file descriptors that have no corresponding inode
              (e.g., file descriptors produced by bpf(2),
              epoll_create(2), eventfd(2), inotify_init(2),
              perf_event_open(2), signalfd(2), timerfd_create(2), and
              userfaultfd(2)), the entry will be a symbolic link with
              contents of the form

                  anon_inode:file-type

              In many cases (but not all), the file-type is surrounded
              by square brackets.

              For example, an epoll file descriptor will have a symbolic
              link whose content is the string anon_inode:[eventpoll].

              In a multithreaded process, the contents of this directory
              are not available if the main thread has already
              terminated (typically by calling pthread_exit(3)).

              Programs that take a filename as a command-line argument,
              but don't take input from standard input if no argument is
              supplied, and programs that write to a file named as a
              command-line argument, but don't send their output to
              standard output if no argument is supplied, can
              nevertheless be made to use standard input or standard
              output by using /proc/pid/fd files as command-line
              arguments.  For example, assuming that -i is the flag
              designating an input file and -o is the flag designating
              an output file:

                  $ foobar -i /proc/self/fd/0 -o /proc/self/fd/1 ...

              and you have a working filter.

              /proc/self/fd/N is approximately the same as /dev/fd/N in
              some UNIX and UNIX-like systems.  Most Linux MAKEDEV
              scripts symbolically link /dev/fd to /proc/self/fd, in
              fact.

              Most systems provide symbolic links /dev/stdin,
              /dev/stdout, and /dev/stderr, which respectively link to
              the files 0, 1, and 2 in /proc/self/fd.  Thus the example
              command above could be written as:

                  $ foobar -i /dev/stdin -o /dev/stdout ...

              Permission to dereference or read (readlink(2)) the
              symbolic links in this directory is governed by a ptrace
              access mode PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).

              Note that for file descriptors referring to inodes (pipes
              and sockets, see above), those inodes still have
              permission bits and ownership information distinct from
              those of the /proc/pid/fd entry, and that the owner may
              differ from the user and group IDs of the process.  An
              unprivileged process may lack permissions to open them, as
              in this example:

                  $ echo test | sudo -u nobody cat
                  test
                  $ echo test | sudo -u nobody cat /proc/self/fd/0
                  cat: /proc/self/fd/0: Permission denied

              File descriptor 0 refers to the pipe created by the shell
              and owned by that shell's user, which is not nobody, so
              cat does not have permission to create a new file
              descriptor to read from that inode, even though it can
              still read from its existing file descriptor 0.

       /proc/pid/fdinfo/ (since Linux 2.6.22)
              This is a subdirectory containing one entry for each file
              which the process has open, named by its file descriptor.
              The files in this directory are readable only by the owner
              of the process.  The contents of each file can be read to
              obtain information about the corresponding file
              descriptor.  The content depends on the type of file
              referred to by the corresponding file descriptor.

              For regular files and directories, we see something like:

                  $ cat /proc/12015/fdinfo/4
                  pos:    1000
                  flags:  01002002
                  mnt_id: 21

              The fields are as follows:

              pos    This is a decimal number showing the file offset.

              flags  This is an octal number that displays the file
                     access mode and file status flags (see open(2)).
                     If the close-on-exec file descriptor flag is set,
                     then flags will also include the value O_CLOEXEC.

                     Before Linux 3.1, this field incorrectly displayed
                     the setting of O_CLOEXEC at the time the file was
                     opened, rather than the current setting of the
                     close-on-exec flag.

              mnt_id This field, present since Linux 3.15, is the ID of
                     the mount containing this file.  See the
                     description of /proc/pid/mountinfo.

              For eventfd file descriptors (see eventfd(2)), we see
              (since Linux 3.8) the following fields:

                  pos: 0
                  flags:    02
                  mnt_id:   10
                  eventfd-count:               40

              eventfd-count is the current value of the eventfd counter,
              in hexadecimal.

              For epoll file descriptors (see epoll(7)), we see (since
              Linux 3.8) the following fields:

                  pos: 0
                  flags:    02
                  mnt_id:   10
                  tfd:        9 events:       19 data: 74253d2500000009
                  tfd:        7 events:       19 data: 74253d2500000007

              Each of the lines beginning tfd describes one of the file
              descriptors being monitored via the epoll file descriptor
              (see epoll_ctl(2) for some details).  The tfd field is the
              number of the file descriptor.  The events field is a
              hexadecimal mask of the events being monitored for this
              file descriptor.  The data field is the data value
              associated with this file descriptor.

              For signalfd file descriptors (see signalfd(2)), we see
              (since Linux 3.8) the following fields:

                  pos: 0
                  flags:    02
                  mnt_id:   10
                  sigmask:  0000000000000006

              sigmask is the hexadecimal mask of signals that are
              accepted via this signalfd file descriptor.  (In this
              example, bits 2 and 3 are set, corresponding to the
              signals SIGINT and SIGQUIT; see signal(7).)

              For inotify file descriptors (see inotify(7)), we see
              (since Linux 3.8) the following fields:

                  pos: 0
                  flags:    00
                  mnt_id:   11
                  inotify wd:2 ino:7ef82a sdev:800001 mask:800afff ignored_mask:0 fhandle-bytes:8 fhandle-type:1 f_handle:2af87e00220ffd73
                  inotify wd:1 ino:192627 sdev:800001 mask:800afff ignored_mask:0 fhandle-bytes:8 fhandle-type:1 f_handle:27261900802dfd73

              Each of the lines beginning with "inotify" displays
              information about one file or directory that is being
              monitored.  The fields in this line are as follows:

              wd     A watch descriptor number (in decimal).

              ino    The inode number of the target file (in
                     hexadecimal).

              sdev   The ID of the device where the target file resides
                     (in hexadecimal).

              mask   The mask of events being monitored for the target
                     file (in hexadecimal).

              If the kernel was built with exportfs support, the path to
              the target file is exposed as a file handle, via three
              hexadecimal fields: fhandle-bytes, fhandle-type, and
              f_handle.

              For fanotify file descriptors (see fanotify(7)), we see
              (since Linux 3.8) the following fields:

                  pos: 0
                  flags:    02
                  mnt_id:   11
                  fanotify flags:0 event-flags:88002
                  fanotify ino:19264f sdev:800001 mflags:0 mask:1 ignored_mask:0 fhandle-bytes:8 fhandle-type:1 f_handle:4f261900a82dfd73

              The fourth line displays information defined when the
              fanotify group was created via fanotify_init(2):

              flags  The flags argument given to fanotify_init(2)
                     (expressed in hexadecimal).

              event-flags
                     The event_f_flags argument given to
                     fanotify_init(2) (expressed in hexadecimal).

              Each additional line shown in the file contains
              information about one of the marks in the fanotify group.
              Most of these fields are as for inotify, except:

              mflags The flags associated with the mark (expressed in
                     hexadecimal).

              mask   The events mask for this mark (expressed in
                     hexadecimal).

              ignored_mask
                     The mask of events that are ignored for this mark
                     (expressed in hexadecimal).

              For details on these fields, see fanotify_mark(2).

              For timerfd file descriptors (see timerfd(2)), we see
              (since Linux 3.17) the following fields:

                  pos:    0
                  flags:  02004002
                  mnt_id: 13
                  clockid: 0
                  ticks: 0
                  settime flags: 03
                  it_value: (7695568592, 640020877)
                  it_interval: (0, 0)

              clockid
                     This is the numeric value of the clock ID
                     (corresponding to one of the CLOCK_* constants
                     defined via <time.h>) that is used to mark the
                     progress of the timer (in this example, 0 is
                     CLOCK_REALTIME).

              ticks  This is the number of timer expirations that have
                     occurred, (i.e., the value that read(2) on it would
                     return).

              settime flags
                     This field lists the flags with which the timerfd
                     was last armed (see timerfd_settime(2)), in octal
                     (in this example, both TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME and
                     TFD_TIMER_CANCEL_ON_SET are set).

              it_value
                     This field contains the amount of time until the
                     timer will next expire, expressed in seconds and
                     nanoseconds.  This is always expressed as a
                     relative value, regardless of whether the timer was
                     created using the TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME flag.

              it_interval
                     This field contains the interval of the timer, in
                     seconds and nanoseconds.  (The it_value and
                     it_interval fields contain the values that
                     timerfd_gettime(2) on this file descriptor would
                     return.)

       /proc/pid/gid_map (since Linux 3.5)
              See user_namespaces(7).

       /proc/pid/io (since Linux 2.6.20)
              This file contains I/O statistics for the process, for
              example:

                  # cat /proc/3828/io
                  rchar: 323934931
                  wchar: 323929600
                  syscr: 632687
                  syscw: 632675
                  read_bytes: 0
                  write_bytes: 323932160
                  cancelled_write_bytes: 0

              The fields are as follows:

              rchar: characters read
                     The number of bytes which this task has caused to
                     be read from storage.  This is simply the sum of
                     bytes which this process passed to read(2) and
                     similar system calls.  It includes things such as
                     terminal I/O and is unaffected by whether or not
                     actual physical disk I/O was required (the read
                     might have been satisfied from pagecache).

              wchar: characters written
                     The number of bytes which this task has caused, or
                     shall cause to be written to disk.  Similar caveats
                     apply here as with rchar.

              syscr: read syscalls
                     Attempt to count the number of read I/O operations—
                     that is, system calls such as read(2) and pread(2).

              syscw: write syscalls
                     Attempt to count the number of write I/O
                     operations—that is, system calls such as write(2)
                     and pwrite(2).

              read_bytes: bytes read
                     Attempt to count the number of bytes which this
                     process really did cause to be fetched from the
                     storage layer.  This is accurate for block-backed
                     filesystems.

              write_bytes: bytes written
                     Attempt to count the number of bytes which this
                     process caused to be sent to the storage layer.

              cancelled_write_bytes:
                     The big inaccuracy here is truncate.  If a process
                     writes 1 MB to a file and then deletes the file, it
                     will in fact perform no writeout.  But it will have
                     been accounted as having caused 1 MB of write.  In
                     other words: this field represents the number of
                     bytes which this process caused to not happen, by
                     truncating pagecache.  A task can cause "negative"
                     I/O too.  If this task truncates some dirty
                     pagecache, some I/O which another task has been
                     accounted for (in its write_bytes) will not be
                     happening.

              Note: In the current implementation, things are a bit racy
              on 32-bit systems: if process A reads process B's
              /proc/pid/io while process B is updating one of these
              64-bit counters, process A could see an intermediate
              result.

              Permission to access this file is governed by a ptrace
              access mode PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).

       /proc/pid/limits (since Linux 2.6.24)
              This file displays the soft limit, hard limit, and units
              of measurement for each of the process's resource limits
              (see getrlimit(2)).  Up to and including Linux 2.6.35,
              this file is protected to allow reading only by the real
              UID of the process.  Since Linux 2.6.36, this file is
              readable by all users on the system.

       /proc/pid/map_files/ (since Linux 3.3)
              This subdirectory contains entries corresponding to
              memory-mapped files (see mmap(2)).  Entries are named by
              memory region start and end address pair (expressed as
              hexadecimal numbers), and are symbolic links to the mapped
              files themselves.  Here is an example, with the output
              wrapped and reformatted to fit on an 80-column display:

                  # ls -l /proc/self/map_files/
                  lr--------. 1 root root 64 Apr 16 21:31
                              3252e00000-3252e20000 -> /usr/lib64/ld-2.15.so
                  ...

              Although these entries are present for memory regions that
              were mapped with the MAP_FILE flag, the way anonymous
              shared memory (regions created with the MAP_ANON |
              MAP_SHARED flags) is implemented in Linux means that such
              regions also appear on this directory.  Here is an example
              where the target file is the deleted /dev/zero one:

                  lrw-------. 1 root root 64 Apr 16 21:33
                              7fc075d2f000-7fc075e6f000 -> /dev/zero (deleted)

              Permission to access this file is governed by a ptrace
              access mode PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).

              Until Linux 4.3, this directory appeared only if the
              CONFIG_CHECKPOINT_RESTORE kernel configuration option was
              enabled.

              Capabilities are required to read the contents of the
              symbolic links in this directory: before Linux 5.9, the
              reading process requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN in the initial user
              namespace; since Linux 5.9, the reading process must have
              either CAP_SYS_ADMIN or CAP_CHECKPOINT_RESTORE in the
              initial (i.e. root) user namespace.

       /proc/pid/maps
              A file containing the currently mapped memory regions and
              their access permissions.  See mmap(2) for some further
              information about memory mappings.

              Permission to access this file is governed by a ptrace
              access mode PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).

              The format of the file is:

                  address           perms offset  dev   inode       pathname
                  00400000-00452000 r-xp 00000000 08:02 173521      /usr/bin/dbus-daemon
                  00651000-00652000 r--p 00051000 08:02 173521      /usr/bin/dbus-daemon
                  00652000-00655000 rw-p 00052000 08:02 173521      /usr/bin/dbus-daemon
                  00e03000-00e24000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0           [heap]
                  00e24000-011f7000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0           [heap]
                  ...
                  35b1800000-35b1820000 r-xp 00000000 08:02 135522  /usr/lib64/ld-2.15.so
                  35b1a1f000-35b1a20000 r--p 0001f000 08:02 135522  /usr/lib64/ld-2.15.so
                  35b1a20000-35b1a21000 rw-p 00020000 08:02 135522  /usr/lib64/ld-2.15.so
                  35b1a21000-35b1a22000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
                  35b1c00000-35b1dac000 r-xp 00000000 08:02 135870  /usr/lib64/libc-2.15.so
                  35b1dac000-35b1fac000 ---p 001ac000 08:02 135870  /usr/lib64/libc-2.15.so
                  35b1fac000-35b1fb0000 r--p 001ac000 08:02 135870  /usr/lib64/libc-2.15.so
                  35b1fb0000-35b1fb2000 rw-p 001b0000 08:02 135870  /usr/lib64/libc-2.15.so
                  ...
                  f2c6ff8c000-7f2c7078c000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0    [stack:986]
                  ...
                  7fffb2c0d000-7fffb2c2e000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0   [stack]
                  7fffb2d48000-7fffb2d49000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0   [vdso]

              The address field is the address space in the process that
              the mapping occupies.  The perms field is a set of
              permissions:

                  r = read
                  w = write
                  x = execute
                  s = shared
                  p = private (copy on write)

              The offset field is the offset into the file/whatever; dev
              is the device (major:minor); inode is the inode on that
              device.  0 indicates that no inode is associated with the
              memory region, as would be the case with BSS
              (uninitialized data).

              The pathname field will usually be the file that is
              backing the mapping.  For ELF files, you can easily
              coordinate with the offset field by looking at the Offset
              field in the ELF program headers (readelf -l).

              There are additional helpful pseudo-paths:

              [stack]
                     The initial process's (also known as the main
                     thread's) stack.

              [stack:tid] (from Linux 3.4 to Linux 4.4)
                     A thread's stack (where the tid is a thread ID).
                     It corresponds to the /proc/pid/task/tid/ path.
                     This field was removed in Linux 4.5, since
                     providing this information for a process with large
                     numbers of threads is expensive.

              [vdso] The virtual dynamically linked shared object.  See
                     vdso(7).

              [heap] The process's heap.

              [anon:name] (since Linux 5.17)
                     A named private anonymous mapping.  Set with
                     prctl(2) PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME.

              [anon_shmem:name] (since Linux 6.2)
                     A named shared anonymous mapping.  Set with
                     prctl(2) PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME.

              If the pathname field is blank, this is an anonymous
              mapping as obtained via mmap(2).  There is no easy way to
              coordinate this back to a process's source, short of
              running it through gdb(1), strace(1), or similar.

              pathname is shown unescaped except for newline characters,
              which are replaced with an octal escape sequence.  As a
              result, it is not possible to determine whether the
              original pathname contained a newline character or the
              literal \012 character sequence.

              If the mapping is file-backed and the file has been
              deleted, the string " (deleted)" is appended to the
              pathname.  Note that this is ambiguous too.

              Under Linux 2.0, there is no field giving pathname.

       /proc/pid/mem
              This file can be used to access the pages of a process's
              memory through open(2), read(2), and lseek(2).

              Permission to access this file is governed by a ptrace
              access mode PTRACE_MODE_ATTACH_FSCREDS check; see
              ptrace(2).

       /proc/pid/mountinfo (since Linux 2.6.26)
              This file contains information about mounts in the
              process's mount namespace (see mount_namespaces(7)).  It
              supplies various information (e.g., propagation state,
              root of mount for bind mounts, identifier for each mount
              and its parent) that is missing from the (older)
              /proc/pid/mounts file, and fixes various other problems
              with that file (e.g., nonextensibility, failure to
              distinguish per-mount versus per-superblock options).

              The file contains lines of the form:

              36 35 98:0 /mnt1 /mnt2 rw,noatime master:1 - ext3 /dev/root rw,errors=continue
              (1)(2)(3)   (4)   (5)      (6)      (7)   (8) (9)   (10)         (11)

              The numbers in parentheses are labels for the descriptions
              below:

              (1)  mount ID: a unique ID for the mount (may be reused
                   after umount(2)).

              (2)  parent ID: the ID of the parent mount (or of self for
                   the root of this mount namespace's mount tree).

                   If a new mount is stacked on top of a previous
                   existing mount (so that it hides the existing mount)
                   at pathname P, then the parent of the new mount is
                   the previous mount at that location.  Thus, when
                   looking at all the mounts stacked at a particular
                   location, the top-most mount is the one that is not
                   the parent of any other mount at the same location.
                   (Note, however, that this top-most mount will be
                   accessible only if the longest path subprefix of P
                   that is a mount point is not itself hidden by a
                   stacked mount.)

                   If the parent mount lies outside the process's root
                   directory (see chroot(2)), the ID shown here won't
                   have a corresponding record in mountinfo whose mount
                   ID (field 1) matches this parent mount ID (because
                   mounts that lie outside the process's root directory
                   are not shown in mountinfo).  As a special case of
                   this point, the process's root mount may have a
                   parent mount (for the initramfs filesystem) that lies
                   outside the process's root directory, and an entry
                   for that mount will not appear in mountinfo.

              (3)  major:minor: the value of st_dev for files on this
                   filesystem (see stat(2)).

              (4)  root: the pathname of the directory in the filesystem
                   which forms the root of this mount.

              (5)  mount point: the pathname of the mount point relative
                   to the process's root directory.

              (6)  mount options: per-mount options (see mount(2)).

              (7)  optional fields: zero or more fields of the form
                   "tag[:value]"; see below.

              (8)  separator: the end of the optional fields is marked
                   by a single hyphen.

              (9)  filesystem type: the filesystem type in the form
                   "type[.subtype]".

              (10) mount source: filesystem-specific information or
                   "none".

              (11) super options: per-superblock options (see mount(2)).

              Currently, the possible optional fields are shared,
              master, propagate_from, and unbindable.  See
              mount_namespaces(7) for a description of these fields.
              Parsers should ignore all unrecognized optional fields.

              For more information on mount propagation see
              Documentation/filesystems/sharedsubtree.rst (or
              Documentation/filesystems/sharedsubtree.txt before Linux
              5.8) in the Linux kernel source tree.

       /proc/pid/mounts (since Linux 2.4.19)
              This file lists all the filesystems currently mounted in
              the process's mount namespace (see mount_namespaces(7)).
              The format of this file is documented in fstab(5).

              Since Linux 2.6.15, this file is pollable: after opening
              the file for reading, a change in this file (i.e., a
              filesystem mount or unmount) causes select(2) to mark the
              file descriptor as having an exceptional condition, and
              poll(2) and epoll_wait(2) mark the file as having a
              priority event (POLLPRI).  (Before Linux 2.6.30, a change
              in this file was indicated by the file descriptor being
              marked as readable for select(2), and being marked as
              having an error condition for poll(2) and epoll_wait(2).)

       /proc/pid/mountstats (since Linux 2.6.17)
              This file exports information (statistics, configuration
              information) about the mounts in the process's mount
              namespace (see mount_namespaces(7)).  Lines in this file
              have the form:

                  device /dev/sda7 mounted on /home with fstype ext3 [stats]
                  (       1      )            ( 2 )             (3 ) (  4  )

              The fields in each line are:

              (1)  The name of the mounted device (or "nodevice" if
                   there is no corresponding device).

              (2)  The mount point within the filesystem tree.

              (3)  The filesystem type.

              (4)  Optional statistics and configuration information.
                   Currently (as at Linux 2.6.26), only NFS filesystems
                   export information via this field.

              This file is readable only by the owner of the process.

       /proc/pid/net (since Linux 2.6.25)
              See the description of /proc/net.

       /proc/pid/ns/ (since Linux 3.0)
              This is a subdirectory containing one entry for each
              namespace that supports being manipulated by setns(2).
              For more information, see namespaces(7).

       /proc/pid/numa_maps (since Linux 2.6.14)
              See numa(7).

       /proc/pid/oom_adj (since Linux 2.6.11)
              This file can be used to adjust the score used to select
              which process should be killed in an out-of-memory (OOM)
              situation.  The kernel uses this value for a bit-shift
              operation of the process's oom_score value: valid values
              are in the range -16 to +15, plus the special value -17,
              which disables OOM-killing altogether for this process.  A
              positive score increases the likelihood of this process
              being killed by the OOM-killer; a negative score decreases
              the likelihood.

              The default value for this file is 0; a new process
              inherits its parent's oom_adj setting.  A process must be
              privileged (CAP_SYS_RESOURCE) to update this file,
              although a process can always increase its own oom_adj
              setting (since Linux 2.6.20).

              Since Linux 2.6.36, use of this file is deprecated in
              favor of /proc/pid/oom_score_adj, and finally removed in
              Linux 3.7.

       /proc/pid/oom_score (since Linux 2.6.11)
              This file displays the current score that the kernel gives
              to this process for the purpose of selecting a process for
              the OOM-killer.  A higher score means that the process is
              more likely to be selected by the OOM-killer.  The basis
              for this score is the amount of memory used by the
              process, with increases (+) or decreases (-) for factors
              including:

              •  whether the process is privileged (-).

              Before Linux 2.6.36 the following factors were also used
              in the calculation of oom_score:

              •  whether the process creates a lot of children using
                 fork(2) (+);

              •  whether the process has been running a long time, or
                 has used a lot of CPU time (-);

              •  whether the process has a low nice value (i.e., > 0)
                 (+); and

              •  whether the process is making direct hardware access
                 (-).

              The oom_score also reflects the adjustment specified by
              the oom_score_adj or oom_adj setting for the process.

       /proc/pid/oom_score_adj (since Linux 2.6.36)
              This file can be used to adjust the badness heuristic used
              to select which process gets killed in out-of-memory
              conditions.

              The badness heuristic assigns a value to each candidate
              task ranging from 0 (never kill) to 1000 (always kill) to
              determine which process is targeted.  The units are
              roughly a proportion along that range of allowed memory
              the process may allocate from, based on an estimation of
              its current memory and swap use.  For example, if a task
              is using all allowed memory, its badness score will be
              1000.  If it is using half of its allowed memory, its
              score will be 500.

              There is an additional factor included in the badness
              score: root processes are given 3% extra memory over other
              tasks.

              The amount of "allowed" memory depends on the context in
              which the OOM-killer was called.  If it is due to the
              memory assigned to the allocating task's cpuset being
              exhausted, the allowed memory represents the set of mems
              assigned to that cpuset (see cpuset(7)).  If it is due to
              a mempolicy's node(s) being exhausted, the allowed memory
              represents the set of mempolicy nodes.  If it is due to a
              memory limit (or swap limit) being reached, the allowed
              memory is that configured limit.  Finally, if it is due to
              the entire system being out of memory, the allowed memory
              represents all allocatable resources.

              The value of oom_score_adj is added to the badness score
              before it is used to determine which task to kill.
              Acceptable values range from -1000 (OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MIN) to
              +1000 (OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX).  This allows user space to
              control the preference for OOM-killing, ranging from
              always preferring a certain task or completely disabling
              it from OOM-killing.  The lowest possible value, -1000, is
              equivalent to disabling OOM-killing entirely for that
              task, since it will always report a badness score of 0.

              Consequently, it is very simple for user space to define
              the amount of memory to consider for each task.  Setting
              an oom_score_adj value of +500, for example, is roughly
              equivalent to allowing the remainder of tasks sharing the
              same system, cpuset, mempolicy, or memory controller
              resources to use at least 50% more memory.  A value of
              -500, on the other hand, would be roughly equivalent to
              discounting 50% of the task's allowed memory from being
              considered as scoring against the task.

              For backward compatibility with previous kernels,
              /proc/pid/oom_adj can still be used to tune the badness
              score.  Its value is scaled linearly with oom_score_adj.

              Writing to /proc/pid/oom_score_adj or /proc/pid/oom_adj
              will change the other with its scaled value.

              The choom(1) program provides a command-line interface for
              adjusting the oom_score_adj value of a running process or
              a newly executed command.

       /proc/pid/pagemap (since Linux 2.6.25)
              This file shows the mapping of each of the process's
              virtual pages into physical page frames or swap area.  It
              contains one 64-bit value for each virtual page, with the
              bits set as follows:

              63     If set, the page is present in RAM.

              62     If set, the page is in swap space

              61 (since Linux 3.5)
                     The page is a file-mapped page or a shared
                     anonymous page.

              60–58 (since Linux 3.11)
                     Zero

              57 (since Linux 5.14)
                     If set, the page is write-protected through
                     userfaultfd(2).

              56 (since Linux 4.2)
                     The page is exclusively mapped.

              55 (since Linux 3.11)
                     PTE is soft-dirty (see the kernel source file
                     Documentation/admin-guide/mm/soft-dirty.rst).

              54–0   If the page is present in RAM (bit 63), then these
                     bits provide the page frame number, which can be
                     used to index /proc/kpageflags and
                     /proc/kpagecount.  If the page is present in swap
                     (bit 62), then bits 4–0 give the swap type, and
                     bits 54–5 encode the swap offset.

              Before Linux 3.11, bits 60–55 were used to encode the
              base-2 log of the page size.

              To employ /proc/pid/pagemap efficiently, use
              /proc/pid/maps to determine which areas of memory are
              actually mapped and seek to skip over unmapped regions.

              The /proc/pid/pagemap file is present only if the
              CONFIG_PROC_PAGE_MONITOR kernel configuration option is
              enabled.

              Permission to access this file is governed by a ptrace
              access mode PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).

       /proc/pid/personality (since Linux 2.6.28)
              This read-only file exposes the process's execution
              domain, as set by personality(2).  The value is displayed
              in hexadecimal notation.

              Permission to access this file is governed by a ptrace
              access mode PTRACE_MODE_ATTACH_FSCREDS check; see
              ptrace(2).

       /proc/pid/root
              UNIX and Linux support the idea of a per-process root of
              the filesystem, set by the chroot(2) system call.  This
              file is a symbolic link that points to the process's root
              directory, and behaves in the same way as exe, and fd/*.

              Note however that this file is not merely a symbolic link.
              It provides the same view of the filesystem (including
              namespaces and the set of per-process mounts) as the
              process itself.  An example illustrates this point.  In
              one terminal, we start a shell in new user and mount
              namespaces, and in that shell we create some new mounts:

                  $ PS1='sh1# ' unshare -Urnm
                  sh1# mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /etc  # Mount empty tmpfs at /etc
                  sh1# mount --bind /usr /dev     # Mount /usr at /dev
                  sh1# echo $$
                  27123

              In a second terminal window, in the initial mount
              namespace, we look at the contents of the corresponding
              mounts in the initial and new namespaces:

                  $ PS1='sh2# ' sudo sh
                  sh2# ls /etc | wc -l                  # In initial NS
                  309
                  sh2# ls /proc/27123/root/etc | wc -l  # /etc in other NS
                  0                                     # The empty tmpfs dir
                  sh2# ls /dev | wc -l                  # In initial NS
                  205
                  sh2# ls /proc/27123/root/dev | wc -l  # /dev in other NS
                  11                                    # Actually bind
                                                        # mounted to /usr
                  sh2# ls /usr | wc -l                  # /usr in initial NS
                  11

              In a multithreaded process, the contents of the
              /proc/pid/root symbolic link are not available if the main
              thread has already terminated (typically by calling
              pthread_exit(3)).

              Permission to dereference or read (readlink(2)) this
              symbolic link is governed by a ptrace access mode
              PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).

       /proc/pid/projid_map (since Linux 3.7)
              See user_namespaces(7).

       /proc/pid/seccomp (Linux 2.6.12 to Linux 2.6.22)
              This file can be used to read and change the process's
              secure computing (seccomp) mode setting.  It contains the
              value 0 if the process is not in seccomp mode, and 1 if
              the process is in strict seccomp mode (see seccomp(2)).
              Writing 1 to this file places the process irreversibly in
              strict seccomp mode.  (Further attempts to write to the
              file fail with the EPERM error.)

              In Linux 2.6.23, this file went away, to be replaced by
              the prctl(2) PR_GET_SECCOMP and PR_SET_SECCOMP operations
              (and later by seccomp(2) and the Seccomp field in
              /proc/pid/status).

       /proc/pid/setgroups (since Linux 3.19)
              See user_namespaces(7).

       /proc/pid/smaps (since Linux 2.6.14)
              This file shows memory consumption for each of the
              process's mappings.  (The pmap(1) command displays similar
              information, in a form that may be easier for parsing.)
              For each mapping there is a series of lines such as the
              following:

                  00400000-0048a000 r-xp 00000000 fd:03 960637       /bin/bash
                  Size:                552 kB
                  Rss:                 460 kB
                  Pss:                 100 kB
                  Shared_Clean:        452 kB
                  Shared_Dirty:          0 kB
                  Private_Clean:         8 kB
                  Private_Dirty:         0 kB
                  Referenced:          460 kB
                  Anonymous:             0 kB
                  AnonHugePages:         0 kB
                  ShmemHugePages:        0 kB
                  ShmemPmdMapped:        0 kB
                  Swap:                  0 kB
                  KernelPageSize:        4 kB
                  MMUPageSize:           4 kB
                  Locked:                0 kB
                  ProtectionKey:         0
                  VmFlags: rd ex mr mw me dw

              The first of these lines shows the same information as is
              displayed for the mapping in /proc/pid/maps.  The
              following lines show the size of the mapping, the amount
              of the mapping that is currently resident in RAM ("Rss"),
              the process's proportional share of this mapping ("Pss"),
              the number of clean and dirty shared pages in the mapping,
              and the number of clean and dirty private pages in the
              mapping.  "Referenced" indicates the amount of memory
              currently marked as referenced or accessed.  "Anonymous"
              shows the amount of memory that does not belong to any
              file.  "Swap" shows how much would-be-anonymous memory is
              also used, but out on swap.

              The "KernelPageSize" line (available since Linux 2.6.29)
              is the page size used by the kernel to back the virtual
              memory area.  This matches the size used by the MMU in the
              majority of cases.  However, one counter-example occurs on
              PPC64 kernels whereby a kernel using 64 kB as a base page
              size may still use 4 kB pages for the MMU on older
              processors.  To distinguish the two attributes, the
              "MMUPageSize" line (also available since Linux 2.6.29)
              reports the page size used by the MMU.

              The "Locked" indicates whether the mapping is locked in
              memory or not.

              The "ProtectionKey" line (available since Linux 4.9, on
              x86 only) contains the memory protection key (see
              pkeys(7)) associated with the virtual memory area.  This
              entry is present only if the kernel was built with the
              CONFIG_X86_INTEL_MEMORY_PROTECTION_KEYS configuration
              option (since Linux 4.6).

              The "VmFlags" line (available since Linux 3.8) represents
              the kernel flags associated with the virtual memory area,
              encoded using the following two-letter codes:

                     rd   -   readable
                     wr   -   writable
                     ex   -   executable
                     sh   -   shared
                     mr   -   may read
                     mw   -   may write
                     me   -   may execute
                     ms   -   may share
                     gd   -   stack segment grows down
                     pf   -   pure PFN range
                     dw   -   disabled write to the mapped file
                     lo   -   pages are locked in memory
                     io   -   memory mapped I/O area
                     sr   -   sequential read advise provided
                     rr   -   random read advise provided
                     dc   -   do not copy area on fork
                     de   -   do not expand area on remapping
                     ac   -   area is accountable
                     nr   -   swap space is not reserved for the area
                     ht   -   area uses huge tlb pages
                     sf   -   perform synchronous page faults (since Linux 4.15)
                     nl   -   non-linear mapping (removed in Linux 4.0)
                     ar   -   architecture specific flag
                     wf   -   wipe on fork (since Linux 4.14)
                     dd   -   do not include area into core dump
                     sd   -   soft-dirty flag (since Linux 3.13)
                     mm   -   mixed map area
                     hg   -   huge page advise flag
                     nh   -   no-huge page advise flag
                     mg   -   mergeable advise flag
                     um   -   userfaultfd missing pages tracking (since Linux 4.3)
                     uw   -   userfaultfd wprotect pages tracking (since Linux 4.3)

              The /proc/pid/smaps file is present only if the
              CONFIG_PROC_PAGE_MONITOR kernel configuration option is
              enabled.

       /proc/pid/stack (since Linux 2.6.29)
              This file provides a symbolic trace of the function calls
              in this process's kernel stack.  This file is provided
              only if the kernel was built with the CONFIG_STACKTRACE
              configuration option.

              Permission to access this file is governed by a ptrace
              access mode PTRACE_MODE_ATTACH_FSCREDS check; see
              ptrace(2).

       /proc/pid/stat
              Status information about the process.  This is used by
              ps(1).  It is defined in the kernel source file
              fs/proc/array.c.

              The fields, in order, with their proper scanf(3) format
              specifiers, are listed below.  Whether or not certain of
              these fields display valid information is governed by a
              ptrace access mode PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS |
              PTRACE_MODE_NOAUDIT check (refer to ptrace(2)).  If the
              check denies access, then the field value is displayed as
              0.  The affected fields are indicated with the marking
              [PT].

              (1) pid  %d
                     The process ID.

              (2) comm  %s
                     The filename of the executable, in parentheses.
                     Strings longer than TASK_COMM_LEN (16) characters
                     (including the terminating null byte) are silently
                     truncated.  This is visible whether or not the
                     executable is swapped out.

              (3) state  %c
                     One of the following characters, indicating process
                     state:

                     R      Running

                     S      Sleeping in an interruptible wait

                     D      Waiting in uninterruptible disk sleep

                     Z      Zombie

                     T      Stopped (on a signal) or (before Linux
                            2.6.33) trace stopped

                     t      Tracing stop (Linux 2.6.33 onward)

                     W      Paging (only before Linux 2.6.0)

                     X      Dead (from Linux 2.6.0 onward)

                     x      Dead (Linux 2.6.33 to 3.13 only)

                     K      Wakekill (Linux 2.6.33 to 3.13 only)

                     W      Waking (Linux 2.6.33 to 3.13 only)

                     P      Parked (Linux 3.9 to 3.13 only)

                     I      Idle (Linux 4.14 onward)

              (4) ppid  %d
                     The PID of the parent of this process.

              (5) pgrp  %d
                     The process group ID of the process.

              (6) session  %d
                     The session ID of the process.

              (7) tty_nr  %d
                     The controlling terminal of the process.  (The
                     minor device number is contained in the combination
                     of bits 31 to 20 and 7 to 0; the major device
                     number is in bits 15 to 8.)

              (8) tpgid  %d
                     The ID of the foreground process group of the
                     controlling terminal of the process.

              (9) flags  %u
                     The kernel flags word of the process.  For bit
                     meanings, see the PF_* defines in the Linux kernel
                     source file include/linux/sched.h.  Details depend
                     on the kernel version.

                     The format for this field was %lu before Linux 2.6.

              (10) minflt  %lu
                     The number of minor faults the process has made
                     which have not required loading a memory page from
                     disk.

              (11) cminflt  %lu
                     The number of minor faults that the process's
                     waited-for children have made.

              (12) majflt  %lu
                     The number of major faults the process has made
                     which have required loading a memory page from
                     disk.

              (13) cmajflt  %lu
                     The number of major faults that the process's
                     waited-for children have made.

              (14) utime  %lu
                     Amount of time that this process has been scheduled
                     in user mode, measured in clock ticks (divide by
                     sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).  This includes guest time,
                     guest_time (time spent running a virtual CPU, see
                     below), so that applications that are not aware of
                     the guest time field do not lose that time from
                     their calculations.

              (15) stime  %lu
                     Amount of time that this process has been scheduled
                     in kernel mode, measured in clock ticks (divide by
                     sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).

              (16) cutime  %ld
                     Amount of time that this process's waited-for
                     children have been scheduled in user mode, measured
                     in clock ticks (divide by sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).
                     (See also times(2).)  This includes guest time,
                     cguest_time (time spent running a virtual CPU, see
                     below).

              (17) cstime  %ld
                     Amount of time that this process's waited-for
                     children have been scheduled in kernel mode,
                     measured in clock ticks (divide by
                     sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).

              (18) priority  %ld
                     (Explanation for Linux 2.6) For processes running a
                     real-time scheduling policy (policy below; see
                     sched_setscheduler(2)), this is the negated
                     scheduling priority, minus one; that is, a number
                     in the range -2 to -100, corresponding to real-time
                     priorities 1 to 99.  For processes running under a
                     non-real-time scheduling policy, this is the raw
                     nice value (setpriority(2)) as represented in the
                     kernel.  The kernel stores nice values as numbers
                     in the range 0 (high) to 39 (low), corresponding to
                     the user-visible nice range of -20 to 19.

                     Before Linux 2.6, this was a scaled value based on
                     the scheduler weighting given to this process.

              (19) nice  %ld
                     The nice value (see setpriority(2)), a value in the
                     range 19 (low priority) to -20 (high priority).

              (20) num_threads  %ld
                     Number of threads in this process (since Linux
                     2.6).  Before Linux 2.6, this field was hard coded
                     to 0 as a placeholder for an earlier removed field.

              (21) itrealvalue  %ld
                     The time in jiffies before the next SIGALRM is sent
                     to the process due to an interval timer.  Since
                     Linux 2.6.17, this field is no longer maintained,
                     and is hard coded as 0.

              (22) starttime  %llu
                     The time the process started after system boot.
                     Before Linux 2.6, this value was expressed in
                     jiffies.  Since Linux 2.6, the value is expressed
                     in clock ticks (divide by sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).

                     The format for this field was %lu before Linux 2.6.

              (23) vsize  %lu
                     Virtual memory size in bytes.

              (24) rss  %ld
                     Resident Set Size: number of pages the process has
                     in real memory.  This is just the pages which count
                     toward text, data, or stack space.  This does not
                     include pages which have not been demand-loaded in,
                     or which are swapped out.  This value is
                     inaccurate; see /proc/pid/statm below.

              (25) rsslim  %lu
                     Current soft limit in bytes on the rss of the
                     process; see the description of RLIMIT_RSS in
                     getrlimit(2).

              (26) startcode  %lu  [PT]
                     The address above which program text can run.

              (27) endcode  %lu  [PT]
                     The address below which program text can run.

              (28) startstack  %lu  [PT]
                     The address of the start (i.e., bottom) of the
                     stack.

              (29) kstkesp  %lu  [PT]
                     The current value of ESP (stack pointer), as found
                     in the kernel stack page for the process.

              (30) kstkeip  %lu  [PT]
                     The current EIP (instruction pointer).

              (31) signal  %lu
                     The bitmap of pending signals, displayed as a
                     decimal number.  Obsolete, because it does not
                     provide information on real-time signals; use
                     /proc/pid/status instead.

              (32) blocked  %lu
                     The bitmap of blocked signals, displayed as a
                     decimal number.  Obsolete, because it does not
                     provide information on real-time signals; use
                     /proc/pid/status instead.

              (33) sigignore  %lu
                     The bitmap of ignored signals, displayed as a
                     decimal number.  Obsolete, because it does not
                     provide information on real-time signals; use
                     /proc/pid/status instead.

              (34) sigcatch  %lu
                     The bitmap of caught signals, displayed as a
                     decimal number.  Obsolete, because it does not
                     provide information on real-time signals; use
                     /proc/pid/status instead.

              (35) wchan  %lu  [PT]
                     This is the "channel" in which the process is
                     waiting.  It is the address of a location in the
                     kernel where the process is sleeping.  The
                     corresponding symbolic name can be found in
                     /proc/pid/wchan.

              (36) nswap  %lu
                     Number of pages swapped (not maintained).

              (37) cnswap  %lu
                     Cumulative nswap for child processes (not
                     maintained).

              (38) exit_signal  %d  (since Linux 2.1.22)
                     Signal to be sent to parent when we die.

              (39) processor  %d  (since Linux 2.2.8)
                     CPU number last executed on.

              (40) rt_priority  %u  (since Linux 2.5.19)
                     Real-time scheduling priority, a number in the
                     range 1 to 99 for processes scheduled under a real-
                     time policy, or 0, for non-real-time processes (see
                     sched_setscheduler(2)).

              (41) policy  %u  (since Linux 2.5.19)
                     Scheduling policy (see sched_setscheduler(2)).
                     Decode using the SCHED_* constants in
                     linux/sched.h.

                     The format for this field was %lu before Linux
                     2.6.22.

              (42) delayacct_blkio_ticks  %llu  (since Linux 2.6.18)
                     Aggregated block I/O delays, measured in clock
                     ticks (centiseconds).

              (43) guest_time  %lu  (since Linux 2.6.24)
                     Guest time of the process (time spent running a
                     virtual CPU for a guest operating system), measured
                     in clock ticks (divide by sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).

              (44) cguest_time  %ld  (since Linux 2.6.24)
                     Guest time of the process's children, measured in
                     clock ticks (divide by sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).

              (45) start_data  %lu  (since Linux 3.3)  [PT]
                     Address above which program initialized and
                     uninitialized (BSS) data are placed.

              (46) end_data  %lu  (since Linux 3.3)  [PT]
                     Address below which program initialized and
                     uninitialized (BSS) data are placed.

              (47) start_brk  %lu  (since Linux 3.3)  [PT]
                     Address above which program heap can be expanded
                     with brk(2).

              (48) arg_start  %lu  (since Linux 3.5)  [PT]
                     Address above which program command-line arguments
                     (argv) are placed.

              (49) arg_end  %lu  (since Linux 3.5)  [PT]
                     Address below program command-line arguments (argv)
                     are placed.

              (50) env_start  %lu  (since Linux 3.5)  [PT]
                     Address above which program environment is placed.

              (51) env_end  %lu  (since Linux 3.5)  [PT]
                     Address below which program environment is placed.

              (52) exit_code  %d  (since Linux 3.5)  [PT]
                     The thread's exit status in the form reported by
                     waitpid(2).

       /proc/pid/statm
              Provides information about memory usage, measured in
              pages.  The columns are:

                  size       (1) total program size
                             (same as VmSize in /proc/pid/status)
                  resident   (2) resident set size
                             (inaccurate; same as VmRSS in /proc/pid/status)
                  shared     (3) number of resident shared pages
                             (i.e., backed by a file)
                             (inaccurate; same as RssFile+RssShmem in
                             /proc/pid/status)
                  text       (4) text (code)
                  lib        (5) library (unused since Linux 2.6; always 0)
                  data       (6) data + stack
                  dt         (7) dirty pages (unused since Linux 2.6; always 0)

              Some of these values are inaccurate because of a kernel-
              internal scalability optimization.  If accurate values are
              required, use /proc/pid/smaps or /proc/pid/smaps_rollup
              instead, which are much slower but provide accurate,
              detailed information.

       /proc/pid/status
              Provides much of the information in /proc/pid/stat and
              /proc/pid/statm in a format that's easier for humans to
              parse.  Here's an example:

                  $ cat /proc/$$/status
                  Name:   bash
                  Umask:  0022
                  State:  S (sleeping)
                  Tgid:   17248
                  Ngid:   0
                  Pid:    17248
                  PPid:   17200
                  TracerPid:      0
                  Uid:    1000    1000    1000    1000
                  Gid:    100     100     100     100
                  FDSize: 256
                  Groups: 16 33 100
                  NStgid: 17248
                  NSpid:  17248
                  NSpgid: 17248
                  NSsid:  17200
                  VmPeak:     131168 kB
                  VmSize:     131168 kB
                  VmLck:           0 kB
                  VmPin:           0 kB
                  VmHWM:       13484 kB
                  VmRSS:       13484 kB
                  RssAnon:     10264 kB
                  RssFile:      3220 kB
                  RssShmem:        0 kB
                  VmData:      10332 kB
                  VmStk:         136 kB
                  VmExe:         992 kB
                  VmLib:        2104 kB
                  VmPTE:          76 kB
                  VmPMD:          12 kB
                  VmSwap:          0 kB
                  HugetlbPages:          0 kB        # 4.4
                  CoreDumping:   0                       # 4.15
                  Threads:        1
                  SigQ:   0/3067
                  SigPnd: 0000000000000000
                  ShdPnd: 0000000000000000
                  SigBlk: 0000000000010000
                  SigIgn: 0000000000384004
                  SigCgt: 000000004b813efb
                  CapInh: 0000000000000000
                  CapPrm: 0000000000000000
                  CapEff: 0000000000000000
                  CapBnd: ffffffffffffffff
                  CapAmb:   0000000000000000
                  NoNewPrivs:     0
                  Seccomp:        0
                  Speculation_Store_Bypass:       vulnerable
                  Cpus_allowed:   00000001
                  Cpus_allowed_list:      0
                  Mems_allowed:   1
                  Mems_allowed_list:      0
                  voluntary_ctxt_switches:        150
                  nonvoluntary_ctxt_switches:     545

              The fields are as follows:

              Name   Command run by this process.  Strings longer than
                     TASK_COMM_LEN (16) characters (including the
                     terminating null byte) are silently truncated.

              Umask  Process umask, expressed in octal with a leading
                     zero; see umask(2).  (Since Linux 4.7.)

              State  Current state of the process.  One of "R
                     (running)", "S (sleeping)", "D (disk sleep)", "T
                     (stopped)", "t (tracing stop)", "Z (zombie)", or "X
                     (dead)".

              Tgid   Thread group ID (i.e., Process ID).

              Ngid   NUMA group ID (0 if none; since Linux 3.13).

              Pid    Thread ID (see gettid(2)).

              PPid   PID of parent process.

              TracerPid
                     PID of process tracing this process (0 if not being
                     traced).

              Uid, Gid
                     Real, effective, saved set, and filesystem UIDs
                     (GIDs).

              FDSize Number of file descriptor slots currently
                     allocated.

              Groups Supplementary group list.

              NStgid Thread group ID (i.e., PID) in each of the PID
                     namespaces of which pid is a member.  The leftmost
                     entry shows the value with respect to the PID
                     namespace of the process that mounted this procfs
                     (or the root namespace if mounted by the kernel),
                     followed by the value in successively nested inner
                     namespaces.  (Since Linux 4.1.)

              NSpid  Thread ID in each of the PID namespaces of which
                     pid is a member.  The fields are ordered as for
                     NStgid.  (Since Linux 4.1.)

              NSpgid Process group ID in each of the PID namespaces of
                     which pid is a member.  The fields are ordered as
                     for NStgid.  (Since Linux 4.1.)

              NSsid  descendant namespace session ID hierarchy Session
                     ID in each of the PID namespaces of which pid is a
                     member.  The fields are ordered as for NStgid.
                     (Since Linux 4.1.)

              VmPeak Peak virtual memory size.

              VmSize Virtual memory size.

              VmLck  Locked memory size (see mlock(2)).

              VmPin  Pinned memory size (since Linux 3.2).  These are
                     pages that can't be moved because something needs
                     to directly access physical memory.

              VmHWM  Peak resident set size ("high water mark").  This
                     value is inaccurate; see /proc/pid/statm above.

              VmRSS  Resident set size.  Note that the value here is the
                     sum of RssAnon, RssFile, and RssShmem.  This value
                     is inaccurate; see /proc/pid/statm above.

              RssAnon
                     Size of resident anonymous memory.  (since Linux
                     4.5).  This value is inaccurate; see
                     /proc/pid/statm above.

              RssFile
                     Size of resident file mappings.  (since Linux 4.5).
                     This value is inaccurate; see /proc/pid/statm
                     above.

              RssShmem
                     Size of resident shared memory (includes System V
                     shared memory, mappings from tmpfs(5), and shared
                     anonymous mappings).  (since Linux 4.5).

              VmData, VmStk, VmExe
                     Size of data, stack, and text segments.  This value
                     is inaccurate; see /proc/pid/statm above.

              VmLib  Shared library code size.

              VmPTE  Page table entries size (since Linux 2.6.10).

              VmPMD  Size of second-level page tables (added in Linux
                     4.0; removed in Linux 4.15).

              VmSwap Swapped-out virtual memory size by anonymous
                     private pages; shmem swap usage is not included
                     (since Linux 2.6.34).  This value is inaccurate;
                     see /proc/pid/statm above.

              HugetlbPages
                     Size of hugetlb memory portions (since Linux 4.4).

              CoreDumping
                     Contains the value 1 if the process is currently
                     dumping core, and 0 if it is not (since Linux
                     4.15).  This information can be used by a
                     monitoring process to avoid killing a process that
                     is currently dumping core, which could result in a
                     corrupted core dump file.

              Threads
                     Number of threads in process containing this
                     thread.

              SigQ   This field contains two slash-separated numbers
                     that relate to queued signals for the real user ID
                     of this process.  The first of these is the number
                     of currently queued signals for this real user ID,
                     and the second is the resource limit on the number
                     of queued signals for this process (see the
                     description of RLIMIT_SIGPENDING in getrlimit(2)).

              SigPnd, ShdPnd
                     Mask (expressed in hexadecimal) of signals pending
                     for thread and for process as a whole (see
                     pthreads(7) and signal(7)).

              SigBlk, SigIgn, SigCgt
                     Masks (expressed in hexadecimal) indicating signals
                     being blocked, ignored, and caught (see signal(7)).

              CapInh, CapPrm, CapEff
                     Masks (expressed in hexadecimal) of capabilities
                     enabled in inheritable, permitted, and effective
                     sets (see capabilities(7)).

              CapBnd Capability bounding set, expressed in hexadecimal
                     (since Linux 2.6.26, see capabilities(7)).

              CapAmb Ambient capability set, expressed in hexadecimal
                     (since Linux 4.3, see capabilities(7)).

              NoNewPrivs
                     Value of the no_new_privs bit (since Linux 4.10,
                     see prctl(2)).

              Seccomp
                     Seccomp mode of the process (since Linux 3.8, see
                     seccomp(2)).  0 means SECCOMP_MODE_DISABLED; 1
                     means SECCOMP_MODE_STRICT; 2 means
                     SECCOMP_MODE_FILTER.  This field is provided only
                     if the kernel was built with the CONFIG_SECCOMP
                     kernel configuration option enabled.

              Speculation_Store_Bypass
                     Speculation flaw mitigation state (since Linux
                     4.17, see prctl(2)).

              Cpus_allowed
                     Hexadecimal mask of CPUs on which this process may
                     run (since Linux 2.6.24, see cpuset(7)).

              Cpus_allowed_list
                     Same as previous, but in "list format" (since Linux
                     2.6.26, see cpuset(7)).

              Mems_allowed
                     Mask of memory nodes allowed to this process (since
                     Linux 2.6.24, see cpuset(7)).

              Mems_allowed_list
                     Same as previous, but in "list format" (since Linux
                     2.6.26, see cpuset(7)).

              voluntary_ctxt_switches, nonvoluntary_ctxt_switches
                     Number of voluntary and involuntary context
                     switches (since Linux 2.6.23).

       /proc/pid/syscall (since Linux 2.6.27)
              This file exposes the system call number and argument
              registers for the system call currently being executed by
              the process, followed by the values of the stack pointer
              and program counter registers.  The values of all six
              argument registers are exposed, although most system calls
              use fewer registers.

              If the process is blocked, but not in a system call, then
              the file displays -1 in place of the system call number,
              followed by just the values of the stack pointer and
              program counter.  If process is not blocked, then the file
              contains just the string "running".

              This file is present only if the kernel was configured
              with CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_TRACEHOOK.

              Permission to access this file is governed by a ptrace
              access mode PTRACE_MODE_ATTACH_FSCREDS check; see
              ptrace(2).

       /proc/pid/task (since Linux 2.6.0)
              This is a directory that contains one subdirectory for
              each thread in the process.  The name of each subdirectory
              is the numerical thread ID (tid) of the thread (see
              gettid(2)).

              Within each of these subdirectories, there is a set of
              files with the same names and contents as under the
              /proc/pid directories.  For attributes that are shared by
              all threads, the contents for each of the files under the
              task/tid subdirectories will be the same as in the
              corresponding file in the parent /proc/pid directory
              (e.g., in a multithreaded process, all of the task/tid/cwd
              files will have the same value as the /proc/pid/cwd file
              in the parent directory, since all of the threads in a
              process share a working directory).  For attributes that
              are distinct for each thread, the corresponding files
              under task/tid may have different values (e.g., various
              fields in each of the task/tid/status files may be
              different for each thread), or they might not exist in
              /proc/pid at all.

              In a multithreaded process, the contents of the
              /proc/pid/task directory are not available if the main
              thread has already terminated (typically by calling
              pthread_exit(3)).

       /proc/pid/task/tid/children (since Linux 3.5)
              A space-separated list of child tasks of this task.  Each
              child task is represented by its TID.

              This option is intended for use by the checkpoint-restore
              (CRIU) system, and reliably provides a list of children
              only if all of the child processes are stopped or frozen.
              It does not work properly if children of the target task
              exit while the file is being read!  Exiting children may
              cause non-exiting children to be omitted from the list.
              This makes this interface even more unreliable than
              classic PID-based approaches if the inspected task and its
              children aren't frozen, and most code should probably not
              use this interface.

              Until Linux 4.2, the presence of this file was governed by
              the CONFIG_CHECKPOINT_RESTORE kernel configuration option.
              Since Linux 4.2, it is governed by the
              CONFIG_PROC_CHILDREN option.

       /proc/pid/timers (since Linux 3.10)
              A list of the POSIX timers for this process.  Each timer
              is listed with a line that starts with the string "ID:".
              For example:

                  ID: 1
                  signal: 60/00007fff86e452a8
                  notify: signal/pid.2634
                  ClockID: 0
                  ID: 0
                  signal: 60/00007fff86e452a8
                  notify: signal/pid.2634
                  ClockID: 1

              The lines shown for each timer have the following
              meanings:

              ID     The ID for this timer.  This is not the same as the
                     timer ID returned by timer_create(2); rather, it is
                     the same kernel-internal ID that is available via
                     the si_timerid field of the siginfo_t structure
                     (see sigaction(2)).

              signal This is the signal number that this timer uses to
                     deliver notifications followed by a slash, and then
                     the sigev_value value supplied to the signal
                     handler.  Valid only for timers that notify via a
                     signal.

              notify The part before the slash specifies the mechanism
                     that this timer uses to deliver notifications, and
                     is one of "thread", "signal", or "none".
                     Immediately following the slash is either the
                     string "tid" for timers with SIGEV_THREAD_ID
                     notification, or "pid" for timers that notify by
                     other mechanisms.  Following the "." is the PID of
                     the process (or the kernel thread ID of the thread)
                     that will be delivered a signal if the timer
                     delivers notifications via a signal.

              ClockID
                     This field identifies the clock that the timer uses
                     for measuring time.  For most clocks, this is a
                     number that matches one of the user-space CLOCK_*
                     constants exposed via <time.h>.
                     CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID timers display with a
                     value of -6 in this field.  CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID
                     timers display with a value of -2 in this field.

              This file is available only when the kernel was configured
              with CONFIG_CHECKPOINT_RESTORE.

       /proc/pid/timerslack_ns (since Linux 4.6)
              This file exposes the process's "current" timer slack
              value, expressed in nanoseconds.  The file is writable,
              allowing the process's timer slack value to be changed.
              Writing 0 to this file resets the "current" timer slack to
              the "default" timer slack value.  For further details, see
              the discussion of PR_SET_TIMERSLACK in prctl(2).

              Initially, permission to access this file was governed by
              a ptrace access mode PTRACE_MODE_ATTACH_FSCREDS check (see
              ptrace(2)).  However, this was subsequently deemed too
              strict a requirement (and had the side effect that
              requiring a process to have the CAP_SYS_PTRACE capability
              would also allow it to view and change any process's
              memory).  Therefore, since Linux 4.9, only the (weaker)
              CAP_SYS_NICE capability is required to access this file.

       /proc/pid/uid_map (since Linux 3.5)
              See user_namespaces(7).

       /proc/pid/wchan (since Linux 2.6.0)
              The symbolic name corresponding to the location in the
              kernel where the process is sleeping.

              Permission to access this file is governed by a ptrace
              access mode PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).

       /proc/tid
              There  is a numerical subdirectory for each running thread
              that is not a thread group leader (i.e., a thread whose
              thread ID is not the same as its process ID); the
              subdirectory is named by the thread ID.  Each one of these
              subdirectories contains files and subdirectories exposing
              information about the thread with the thread ID tid.  The
              contents of these directories are the same as the
              corresponding /proc/pid/task/tid directories.

              The /proc/tid subdirectories are not visible when
              iterating through /proc with getdents(2) (and thus are not
              visible when one uses ls(1) to view the contents of
              /proc).  However, the pathnames of these directories are
              visible to (i.e., usable as arguments in) system calls
              that operate on pathnames.

       /proc/apm
              Advanced power management version and battery information
              when CONFIG_APM is defined at kernel compilation time.

       /proc/buddyinfo
              This file contains information which is used for
              diagnosing memory fragmentation issues.  Each line starts
              with the identification of the node and the name of the
              zone which together identify a memory region.  This is
              then followed by the count of available chunks of a
              certain order in which these zones are split.  The size in
              bytes of a certain order is given by the formula:

                  (2^order) * PAGE_SIZE

              The binary buddy allocator algorithm inside the kernel
              will split one chunk into two chunks of a smaller order
              (thus with half the size) or combine two contiguous chunks
              into one larger chunk of a higher order (thus with double
              the size) to satisfy allocation requests and to counter
              memory fragmentation.  The order matches the column
              number, when starting to count at zero.

              For example on an x86-64 system:
         Node 0, zone     DMA     1    1    1    0    2    1    1    0    1    1    3
         Node 0, zone   DMA32    65   47    4   81   52   28   13   10    5    1  404
         Node 0, zone  Normal   216   55  189  101   84   38   37   27    5    3  587

              In this example, there is one node containing three zones
              and there are 11 different chunk sizes.  If the page size
              is 4 kilobytes, then the first zone called DMA (on x86 the
              first 16 megabyte of memory) has 1 chunk of 4 kilobytes
              (order 0) available and has 3 chunks of 4 megabytes (order
              10) available.

              If the memory is heavily fragmented, the counters for
              higher order chunks will be zero and allocation of large
              contiguous areas will fail.

              Further information about the zones can be found in
              /proc/zoneinfo.

       /proc/bus
              Contains subdirectories for installed buses.

       /proc/bus/pccard
              Subdirectory for PCMCIA devices when CONFIG_PCMCIA is set
              at kernel compilation time.

       /proc/bus/pccard/drivers

       /proc/bus/pci
              Contains various bus subdirectories and pseudo-files
              containing information about PCI buses, installed devices,
              and device drivers.  Some of these files are not ASCII.

       /proc/bus/pci/devices
              Information about PCI devices.  They may be accessed
              through lspci(8) and setpci(8).

       /proc/cgroups (since Linux 2.6.24)
              See cgroups(7).

       /proc/cmdline
              Arguments passed to the Linux kernel at boot time.  Often
              done via a boot manager such as lilo(8) or grub(8).  Any
              arguments embedded in the kernel image or initramfs via
              CONFIG_BOOT_CONFIG will also be displayed.

       /proc/config.gz (since Linux 2.6)
              This file exposes the configuration options that were used
              to build the currently running kernel, in the same format
              as they would be shown in the .config file that resulted
              when configuring the kernel (using make xconfig, make
              config, or similar).  The file contents are compressed;
              view or search them using zcat(1) and zgrep(1).  As long
              as no changes have been made to the following file, the
              contents of /proc/config.gz are the same as those provided
              by:

                  cat /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/build/.config

              /proc/config.gz is provided only if the kernel is
              configured with CONFIG_IKCONFIG_PROC.

       /proc/crypto
              A list of the ciphers provided by the kernel crypto API.
              For details, see the kernel Linux Kernel Crypto API
              documentation available under the kernel source directory
              Documentation/crypto/ (or Documentation/DocBook before
              Linux 4.10; the documentation can be built using a command
              such as make htmldocs in the root directory of the kernel
              source tree).

       /proc/cpuinfo
              This is a collection of CPU and system architecture
              dependent items, for each supported architecture a
              different list.  Two common entries are processor which
              gives CPU number and bogomips; a system constant that is
              calculated during kernel initialization.  SMP machines
              have information for each CPU.  The lscpu(1) command
              gathers its information from this file.

       /proc/devices
              Text listing of major numbers and device groups.  This can
              be used by MAKEDEV scripts for consistency with the
              kernel.

       /proc/diskstats (since Linux 2.5.69)
              This file contains disk I/O statistics for each disk
              device.  See the Linux kernel source file
              Documentation/admin-guide/iostats.rst (or
              Documentation/iostats.txt before Linux 5.3) for further
              information.

       /proc/dma
              This is a list of the registered ISA DMA (direct memory
              access) channels in use.

       /proc/driver
              Empty subdirectory.

       /proc/execdomains
              Used to list ABI personalities before Linux 4.1; now
              contains a constant string for userspace compatibility.

       /proc/fb
              Frame buffer information when CONFIG_FB is defined during
              kernel compilation.

       /proc/filesystems
              A text listing of the filesystems which are supported by
              the kernel, namely filesystems which were compiled into
              the kernel or whose kernel modules are currently loaded.
              (See also filesystems(5).)  If a filesystem is marked with
              "nodev", this means that it does not require a block
              device to be mounted (e.g., virtual filesystem, network
              filesystem).

              Incidentally, this file may be used by mount(8) when no
              filesystem is specified and it didn't manage to determine
              the filesystem type.  Then filesystems contained in this
              file are tried (excepted those that are marked with
              "nodev").

       /proc/fs
              Contains subdirectories that in turn contain files with
              information about (certain) mounted filesystems.

       /proc/ide
              This directory exists on systems with the IDE bus.  There
              are directories for each IDE channel and attached device.
              Files include:

                  cache              buffer size in KB
                  capacity           number of sectors
                  driver             driver version
                  geometry           physical and logical geometry
                  identify           in hexadecimal
                  media              media type
                  model              manufacturer's model number
                  settings           drive settings
                  smart_thresholds   IDE disk management thresholds (in hex)
                  smart_values       IDE disk management values (in hex)

              The hdparm(8) utility provides access to this information
              in a friendly format.

       /proc/interrupts
              This is used to record the number of interrupts per CPU
              per IO device.  Since Linux 2.6.24, for the i386 and
              x86-64 architectures, at least, this also includes
              interrupts internal to the system (that is, not associated
              with a device as such), such as NMI (nonmaskable
              interrupt), LOC (local timer interrupt), and for SMP
              systems, TLB (TLB flush interrupt), RES (rescheduling
              interrupt), CAL (remote function call interrupt), and
              possibly others.  Very easy to read formatting, done in
              ASCII.

       /proc/iomem
              I/O memory map in Linux 2.4.

       /proc/ioports
              This is a list of currently registered Input-Output port
              regions that are in use.

       /proc/kallsyms (since Linux 2.5.71)
              This holds the kernel exported symbol definitions used by
              the modules(X) tools to dynamically link and bind loadable
              modules.  In Linux 2.5.47 and earlier, a similar file with
              slightly different syntax was named ksyms.

       /proc/kcore
              This file represents the physical memory of the system and
              is stored in the ELF core file format.  With this pseudo-
              file, and an unstripped kernel (/usr/src/linux/vmlinux)
              binary, GDB can be used to examine the current state of
              any kernel data structures.

              The total length of the file is the size of physical
              memory (RAM) plus 4 KiB.

       /proc/keys (since Linux 2.6.10)
              See keyrings(7).

       /proc/key-users (since Linux 2.6.10)
              See keyrings(7).

       /proc/kmsg
              This file can be used instead of the syslog(2) system call
              to read kernel messages.  A process must have superuser
              privileges to read this file, and only one process should
              read this file.  This file should not be read if a syslog
              process is running which uses the syslog(2) system call
              facility to log kernel messages.

              Information in this file is retrieved with the dmesg(1)
              program.

       /proc/kpagecgroup (since Linux 4.3)
              This file contains a 64-bit inode number of the memory
              cgroup each page is charged to, indexed by page frame
              number (see the discussion of /proc/pid/pagemap).

              The /proc/kpagecgroup file is present only if the
              CONFIG_MEMCG kernel configuration option is enabled.

       /proc/kpagecount (since Linux 2.6.25)
              This file contains a 64-bit count of the number of times
              each physical page frame is mapped, indexed by page frame
              number (see the discussion of /proc/pid/pagemap).

              The /proc/kpagecount file is present only if the
              CONFIG_PROC_PAGE_MONITOR kernel configuration option is
              enabled.

       /proc/kpageflags (since Linux 2.6.25)
              This file contains 64-bit masks corresponding to each
              physical page frame; it is indexed by page frame number
              (see the discussion of /proc/pid/pagemap).  The bits are
              as follows:

                      0   -   KPF_LOCKED
                      1   -   KPF_ERROR
                      2   -   KPF_REFERENCED
                      3   -   KPF_UPTODATE
                      4   -   KPF_DIRTY
                      5   -   KPF_LRU
                      6   -   KPF_ACTIVE
                      7   -   KPF_SLAB
                      8   -   KPF_WRITEBACK
                      9   -   KPF_RECLAIM
                     10   -   KPF_BUDDY
                     11   -   KPF_MMAP            (since Linux 2.6.31)
                     12   -   KPF_ANON            (since Linux 2.6.31)
                     13   -   KPF_SWAPCACHE       (since Linux 2.6.31)
                     14   -   KPF_SWAPBACKED      (since Linux 2.6.31)
                     15   -   KPF_COMPOUND_HEAD   (since Linux 2.6.31)
                     16   -   KPF_COMPOUND_TAIL   (since Linux 2.6.31)
                     17   -   KPF_HUGE            (since Linux 2.6.31)
                     18   -   KPF_UNEVICTABLE     (since Linux 2.6.31)
                     19   -   KPF_HWPOISON        (since Linux 2.6.31)
                     20   -   KPF_NOPAGE          (since Linux 2.6.31)
                     21   -   KPF_KSM             (since Linux 2.6.32)
                     22   -   KPF_THP             (since Linux 3.4)
                     23   -   KPF_BALLOON         (since Linux 3.18)
                     24   -   KPF_ZERO_PAGE       (since Linux 4.0)
                     25   -   KPF_IDLE            (since Linux 4.3)
                     26   -   KPF_PGTABLE         (since Linux 4.18)

              For further details on the meanings of these bits, see the
              kernel source file
              Documentation/admin-guide/mm/pagemap.rst.  Before Linux
              2.6.29, KPF_WRITEBACK, KPF_RECLAIM, KPF_BUDDY, and
              KPF_LOCKED did not report correctly.

              The /proc/kpageflags file is present only if the
              CONFIG_PROC_PAGE_MONITOR kernel configuration option is
              enabled.

       /proc/ksyms (Linux 1.1.23–2.5.47)
              See /proc/kallsyms.

       /proc/loadavg
              The first three fields in this file are load average
              figures giving the number of jobs in the run queue (state
              R) or waiting for disk I/O (state D) averaged over 1, 5,
              and 15 minutes.  They are the same as the load average
              numbers given by uptime(1) and other programs.  The fourth
              field consists of two numbers separated by a slash (/).
              The first of these is the number of currently runnable
              kernel scheduling entities (processes, threads).  The
              value after the slash is the number of kernel scheduling
              entities that currently exist on the system.  The fifth
              field is the PID of the process that was most recently
              created on the system.

       /proc/locks
              This file shows current file locks (flock(2) and fcntl(2))
              and leases (fcntl(2)).

              An example of the content shown in this file is the
              following:

                  1: POSIX  ADVISORY  READ  5433 08:01:7864448 128 128
                  2: FLOCK  ADVISORY  WRITE 2001 08:01:7864554 0 EOF
                  3: FLOCK  ADVISORY  WRITE 1568 00:2f:32388 0 EOF
                  4: POSIX  ADVISORY  WRITE 699 00:16:28457 0 EOF
                  5: POSIX  ADVISORY  WRITE 764 00:16:21448 0 0
                  6: POSIX  ADVISORY  READ  3548 08:01:7867240 1 1
                  7: POSIX  ADVISORY  READ  3548 08:01:7865567 1826 2335
                  8: OFDLCK ADVISORY  WRITE -1 08:01:8713209 128 191

              The fields shown in each line are as follows:

              [1]  The ordinal position of the lock in the list.

              [2]  The lock type.  Values that may appear here include:

                   FLOCK  This is a BSD file lock created using
                          flock(2).

                   OFDLCK This is an open file description (OFD) lock
                          created using fcntl(2).

                   POSIX  This is a POSIX byte-range lock created using
                          fcntl(2).

              [3]  Among the strings that can appear here are the
                   following:

                   ADVISORY
                          This is an advisory lock.

                   MANDATORY
                          This is a mandatory lock.

              [4]  The type of lock.  Values that can appear here are:

                   READ   This is a POSIX or OFD read lock, or a BSD
                          shared lock.

                   WRITE  This is a POSIX or OFD write lock, or a BSD
                          exclusive lock.

              [5]  The PID of the process that owns the lock.

                   Because OFD locks are not owned by a single process
                   (since multiple processes may have file descriptors
                   that refer to the same open file description), the
                   value -1 is displayed in this field for OFD locks.
                   (Before Linux 4.14, a bug meant that the PID of the
                   process that initially acquired the lock was
                   displayed instead of the value -1.)

              [6]  Three colon-separated subfields that identify the
                   major and minor device ID of the device containing
                   the filesystem where the locked file resides,
                   followed by the inode number of the locked file.

              [7]  The byte offset of the first byte of the lock.  For
                   BSD locks, this value is always 0.

              [8]  The byte offset of the last byte of the lock.  EOF in
                   this field means that the lock extends to the end of
                   the file.  For BSD locks, the value shown is always
                   EOF.

              Since Linux 4.9, the list of locks shown in /proc/locks is
              filtered to show just the locks for the processes in the
              PID namespace (see pid_namespaces(7)) for which the /proc
              filesystem was mounted.  (In the initial PID namespace,
              there is no filtering of the records shown in this file.)

              The lslocks(8) command provides a bit more information
              about each lock.

       /proc/malloc (only up to and including Linux 2.2)
              This file is present only if CONFIG_DEBUG_MALLOC was
              defined during compilation.

       /proc/meminfo
              This file reports statistics about memory usage on the
              system.  It is used by free(1) to report the amount of
              free and used memory (both physical and swap) on the
              system as well as the shared memory and buffers used by
              the kernel.  Each line of the file consists of a parameter
              name, followed by a colon, the value of the parameter, and
              an option unit of measurement (e.g., "kB").  The list
              below describes the parameter names and the format
              specifier required to read the field value.  Except as
              noted below, all of the fields have been present since at
              least Linux 2.6.0.  Some fields are displayed only if the
              kernel was configured with various options; those
              dependencies are noted in the list.

              MemTotal %lu
                     Total usable RAM (i.e., physical RAM minus a few
                     reserved bits and the kernel binary code).

              MemFree %lu
                     The sum of LowFree+HighFree.

              MemAvailable %lu (since Linux 3.14)
                     An estimate of how much memory is available for
                     starting new applications, without swapping.

              Buffers %lu
                     Relatively temporary storage for raw disk blocks
                     that shouldn't get tremendously large (20 MB or
                     so).

              Cached %lu
                     In-memory cache for files read from the disk (the
                     page cache).  Doesn't include SwapCached.

              SwapCached %lu
                     Memory that once was swapped out, is swapped back
                     in but still also is in the swap file.  (If memory
                     pressure is high, these pages don't need to be
                     swapped out again because they are already in the
                     swap file.  This saves I/O.)

              Active %lu
                     Memory that has been used more recently and usually
                     not reclaimed unless absolutely necessary.

              Inactive %lu
                     Memory which has been less recently used.  It is
                     more eligible to be reclaimed for other purposes.

              Active(anon) %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)
                     [To be documented.]

              Inactive(anon) %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)
                     [To be documented.]

              Active(file) %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)
                     [To be documented.]

              Inactive(file) %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)
                     [To be documented.]

              Unevictable %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)
                     (From Linux 2.6.28 to Linux 2.6.30,
                     CONFIG_UNEVICTABLE_LRU was required.)  [To be
                     documented.]

              Mlocked %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)
                     (From Linux 2.6.28 to Linux 2.6.30,
                     CONFIG_UNEVICTABLE_LRU was required.)  [To be
                     documented.]

              HighTotal %lu
                     (Starting with Linux 2.6.19, CONFIG_HIGHMEM is
                     required.)  Total amount of highmem.  Highmem is
                     all memory above ~860 MB of physical memory.
                     Highmem areas are for use by user-space programs,
                     or for the page cache.  The kernel must use tricks
                     to access this memory, making it slower to access
                     than lowmem.

              HighFree %lu
                     (Starting with Linux 2.6.19, CONFIG_HIGHMEM is
                     required.)  Amount of free highmem.

              LowTotal %lu
                     (Starting with Linux 2.6.19, CONFIG_HIGHMEM is
                     required.)  Total amount of lowmem.  Lowmem is
                     memory which can be used for everything that
                     highmem can be used for, but it is also available
                     for the kernel's use for its own data structures.
                     Among many other things, it is where everything
                     from Slab is allocated.  Bad things happen when
                     you're out of lowmem.

              LowFree %lu
                     (Starting with Linux 2.6.19, CONFIG_HIGHMEM is
                     required.)  Amount of free lowmem.

              MmapCopy %lu (since Linux 2.6.29)
                     (CONFIG_MMU is required.)  [To be documented.]

              SwapTotal %lu
                     Total amount of swap space available.

              SwapFree %lu
                     Amount of swap space that is currently unused.

              Dirty %lu
                     Memory which is waiting to get written back to the
                     disk.

              Writeback %lu
                     Memory which is actively being written back to the
                     disk.

              AnonPages %lu (since Linux 2.6.18)
                     Non-file backed pages mapped into user-space page
                     tables.

              Mapped %lu
                     Files which have been mapped into memory (with
                     mmap(2)), such as libraries.

              Shmem %lu (since Linux 2.6.32)
                     Amount of memory consumed in tmpfs(5) filesystems.

              KReclaimable %lu (since Linux 4.20)
                     Kernel allocations that the kernel will attempt to
                     reclaim under memory pressure.  Includes
                     SReclaimable (below), and other direct allocations
                     with a shrinker.

              Slab %lu
                     In-kernel data structures cache.  (See
                     slabinfo(5).)

              SReclaimable %lu (since Linux 2.6.19)
                     Part of Slab, that might be reclaimed, such as
                     caches.

              SUnreclaim %lu (since Linux 2.6.19)
                     Part of Slab, that cannot be reclaimed on memory
                     pressure.

              KernelStack %lu (since Linux 2.6.32)
                     Amount of memory allocated to kernel stacks.

              PageTables %lu (since Linux 2.6.18)
                     Amount of memory dedicated to the lowest level of
                     page tables.

              Quicklists %lu (since Linux 2.6.27)
                     (CONFIG_QUICKLIST is required.)  [To be
                     documented.]

              NFS_Unstable %lu (since Linux 2.6.18)
                     NFS pages sent to the server, but not yet committed
                     to stable storage.

              Bounce %lu (since Linux 2.6.18)
                     Memory used for block device "bounce buffers".

              WritebackTmp %lu (since Linux 2.6.26)
                     Memory used by FUSE for temporary writeback
                     buffers.

              CommitLimit %lu (since Linux 2.6.10)
                     This is the total amount of memory currently
                     available to be allocated on the system, expressed
                     in kilobytes.  This limit is adhered to only if
                     strict overcommit accounting is enabled (mode 2 in
                     /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory).  The limit is
                     calculated according to the formula described under
                     /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory.  For further
                     details, see the kernel source file
                     Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting.rst.

              Committed_AS %lu
                     The amount of memory presently allocated on the
                     system.  The committed memory is a sum of all of
                     the memory which has been allocated by processes,
                     even if it has not been "used" by them as of yet.
                     A process which allocates 1 GB of memory (using
                     malloc(3) or similar), but touches only 300 MB of
                     that memory will show up as using only 300 MB of
                     memory even if it has the address space allocated
                     for the entire 1 GB.

                     This 1 GB is memory which has been "committed" to
                     by the VM and can be used at any time by the
                     allocating application.  With strict overcommit
                     enabled on the system (mode 2 in
                     /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory), allocations which
                     would exceed the CommitLimit will not be permitted.
                     This is useful if one needs to guarantee that
                     processes will not fail due to lack of memory once
                     that memory has been successfully allocated.

              VmallocTotal %lu
                     Total size of vmalloc memory area.

              VmallocUsed %lu
                     Amount of vmalloc area which is used.  Since Linux
                     4.4, this field is no longer calculated, and is
                     hard coded as 0.  See /proc/vmallocinfo.

              VmallocChunk %lu
                     Largest contiguous block of vmalloc area which is
                     free.  Since Linux 4.4, this field is no longer
                     calculated and is hard coded as 0.  See
                     /proc/vmallocinfo.

              HardwareCorrupted %lu (since Linux 2.6.32)
                     (CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE is required.)  [To be
                     documented.]

              LazyFree %lu (since Linux 4.12)
                     Shows the amount of memory marked by madvise(2)
                     MADV_FREE.

              AnonHugePages %lu (since Linux 2.6.38)
                     (CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE is required.)  Non-
                     file backed huge pages mapped into user-space page
                     tables.

              ShmemHugePages %lu (since Linux 4.8)
                     (CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE is required.)  Memory
                     used by shared memory (shmem) and tmpfs(5)
                     allocated with huge pages.

              ShmemPmdMapped %lu (since Linux 4.8)
                     (CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE is required.)  Shared
                     memory mapped into user space with huge pages.

              CmaTotal %lu (since Linux 3.1)
                     Total CMA (Contiguous Memory Allocator) pages.
                     (CONFIG_CMA is required.)

              CmaFree %lu (since Linux 3.1)
                     Free CMA (Contiguous Memory Allocator) pages.
                     (CONFIG_CMA is required.)

              HugePages_Total %lu
                     (CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE is required.)  The size of the
                     pool of huge pages.

              HugePages_Free %lu
                     (CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE is required.)  The number of
                     huge pages in the pool that are not yet allocated.

              HugePages_Rsvd %lu (since Linux 2.6.17)
                     (CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE is required.)  This is the
                     number of huge pages for which a commitment to
                     allocate from the pool has been made, but no
                     allocation has yet been made.  These reserved huge
                     pages guarantee that an application will be able to
                     allocate a huge page from the pool of huge pages at
                     fault time.

              HugePages_Surp %lu (since Linux 2.6.24)
                     (CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE is required.)  This is the
                     number of huge pages in the pool above the value in
                     /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages.  The maximum number of
                     surplus huge pages is controlled by
                     /proc/sys/vm/nr_overcommit_hugepages.

              Hugepagesize %lu
                     (CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE is required.)  The size of
                     huge pages.

              DirectMap4k %lu (since Linux 2.6.27)
                     Number of bytes of RAM linearly mapped by kernel in
                     4 kB pages.  (x86.)

              DirectMap4M %lu (since Linux 2.6.27)
                     Number of bytes of RAM linearly mapped by kernel in
                     4 MB pages.  (x86 with CONFIG_X86_64 or
                     CONFIG_X86_PAE enabled.)

              DirectMap2M %lu (since Linux 2.6.27)
                     Number of bytes of RAM linearly mapped by kernel in
                     2 MB pages.  (x86 with neither CONFIG_X86_64 nor
                     CONFIG_X86_PAE enabled.)

              DirectMap1G %lu (since Linux 2.6.27)
                     (x86 with CONFIG_X86_64 and
                     CONFIG_X86_DIRECT_GBPAGES enabled.)

       /proc/modules
              A text list of the modules that have been loaded by the
              system.  See also lsmod(8).

       /proc/mounts
              Before Linux 2.4.19, this file was a list of all the
              filesystems currently mounted on the system.  With the
              introduction of per-process mount namespaces in Linux
              2.4.19 (see mount_namespaces(7)), this file became a link
              to /proc/self/mounts, which lists the mounts of the
              process's own mount namespace.  The format of this file is
              documented in fstab(5).

       /proc/mtrr
              Memory Type Range Registers.  See the Linux kernel source
              file Documentation/x86/mtrr.rst (or
              Documentation/x86/mtrr.txt before Linux 5.2, or
              Documentation/mtrr.txt before Linux 2.6.28) for details.

       /proc/net
              This directory contains various files and subdirectories
              containing information about the networking layer.  The
              files contain ASCII structures and are, therefore,
              readable with cat(1).  However, the standard netstat(8)
              suite provides much cleaner access to these files.

              With the advent of network namespaces, various information
              relating to the network stack is virtualized (see
              network_namespaces(7)).  Thus, since Linux 2.6.25,
              /proc/net is a symbolic link to the directory
              /proc/self/net, which contains the same files and
              directories as listed below.  However, these files and
              directories now expose information for the network
              namespace of which the process is a member.

       /proc/net/arp
              This holds an ASCII readable dump of the kernel ARP table
              used for address resolutions.  It will show both
              dynamically learned and preprogrammed ARP entries.  The
              format is:

                  IP address     HW type   Flags     HW address          Mask   Device
                  192.168.0.50   0x1       0x2       00:50:BF:25:68:F3   *      eth0
                  192.168.0.250  0x1       0xc       00:00:00:00:00:00   *      eth0

              Here "IP address" is the IPv4 address of the machine and
              the "HW type" is the hardware type of the address from
              RFC 826.  The flags are the internal flags of the ARP
              structure (as defined in /usr/include/linux/if_arp.h) and
              the "HW address" is the data link layer mapping for that
              IP address if it is known.

       /proc/net/dev
              The dev pseudo-file contains network device status
              information.  This gives the number of received and sent
              packets, the number of errors and collisions and other
              basic statistics.  These are used by the ifconfig(8)
              program to report device status.  The format is:

              Inter-|   Receive                                                |  Transmit
               face |bytes    packets errs drop fifo frame compressed multicast|bytes    packets errs drop fifo colls carrier compressed
                  lo: 2776770   11307    0    0    0     0          0         0  2776770   11307    0    0    0     0       0          0
                eth0: 1215645    2751    0    0    0     0          0         0  1782404    4324    0    0    0   427       0          0
                ppp0: 1622270    5552    1    0    0     0          0         0   354130    5669    0    0    0     0       0          0
                tap0:    7714      81    0    0    0     0          0         0     7714      81    0    0    0     0       0          0

       /proc/net/dev_mcast
              Defined in /usr/src/linux/net/core/dev_mcast.c:

                  indx interface_name  dmi_u dmi_g dmi_address
                  2    eth0            1     0     01005e000001
                  3    eth1            1     0     01005e000001
                  4    eth2            1     0     01005e000001

       /proc/net/igmp
              Internet Group Management Protocol.  Defined in
              /usr/src/linux/net/core/igmp.c.

       /proc/net/rarp
              This file uses the same format as the arp file and
              contains the current reverse mapping database used to
              provide rarp(8) reverse address lookup services.  If RARP
              is not configured into the kernel, this file will not be
              present.

       /proc/net/raw
              Holds a dump of the RAW socket table.  Much of the
              information is not of use apart from debugging.  The "sl"
              value is the kernel hash slot for the socket, the
              "local_address" is the local address and protocol number
              pair.  "St" is the internal status of the socket.  The
              "tx_queue" and "rx_queue" are the outgoing and incoming
              data queue in terms of kernel memory usage.  The "tr",
              "tm->when", and "rexmits" fields are not used by RAW.  The
              "uid" field holds the effective UID of the creator of the
              socket.

       /proc/net/snmp
              This file holds the ASCII data needed for the IP, ICMP,
              TCP, and UDP management information bases for an SNMP
              agent.

       /proc/net/tcp
              Holds a dump of the TCP socket table.  Much of the
              information is not of use apart from debugging.  The "sl"
              value is the kernel hash slot for the socket, the
              "local_address" is the local address and port number pair.
              The "rem_address" is the remote address and port number
              pair (if connected).  "St" is the internal status of the
              socket.  The "tx_queue" and "rx_queue" are the outgoing
              and incoming data queue in terms of kernel memory usage.
              The "tr", "tm->when", and "rexmits" fields hold internal
              information of the kernel socket state and are useful only
              for debugging.  The "uid" field holds the effective UID of
              the creator of the socket.

       /proc/net/udp
              Holds a dump of the UDP socket table.  Much of the
              information is not of use apart from debugging.  The "sl"
              value is the kernel hash slot for the socket, the
              "local_address" is the local address and port number pair.
              The "rem_address" is the remote address and port number
              pair (if connected).  "St" is the internal status of the
              socket.  The "tx_queue" and "rx_queue" are the outgoing
              and incoming data queue in terms of kernel memory usage.
              The "tr", "tm->when", and "rexmits" fields are not used by
              UDP.  The "uid" field holds the effective UID of the
              creator of the socket.  The format is:

              sl  local_address rem_address   st tx_queue rx_queue tr rexmits  tm->when uid
               1: 01642C89:0201 0C642C89:03FF 01 00000000:00000001 01:000071BA 00000000 0
               1: 00000000:0801 00000000:0000 0A 00000000:00000000 00:00000000 6F000100 0
               1: 00000000:0201 00000000:0000 0A 00000000:00000000 00:00000000 00000000 0

       /proc/net/unix
              Lists the UNIX domain sockets present within the system
              and their status.  The format is:

              Num RefCount Protocol Flags    Type St Inode Path
               0: 00000002 00000000 00000000 0001 03    42
               1: 00000001 00000000 00010000 0001 01  1948 /dev/printer

              The fields are as follows:

              Num:   the kernel table slot number.

              RefCount:
                     the number of users of the socket.

              Protocol:
                     currently always 0.

              Flags: the internal kernel flags holding the status of the
                     socket.

              Type:  the socket type.  For SOCK_STREAM sockets, this is
                     0001; for SOCK_DGRAM sockets, it is 0002; and for
                     SOCK_SEQPACKET sockets, it is 0005.

              St:    the internal state of the socket.

              Inode: the inode number of the socket.

              Path:  the bound pathname (if any) of the socket.  Sockets
                     in the abstract namespace are included in the list,
                     and are shown with a Path that commences with the
                     character '@'.

       /proc/net/netfilter/nfnetlink_queue
              This file contains information about netfilter user-space
              queueing, if used.  Each line represents a queue.  Queues
              that have not been subscribed to by user space are not
              shown.

                     1   4207     0  2 65535     0     0        0  1
                    (1)   (2)    (3)(4)  (5)    (6)   (7)      (8)

              The fields in each line are:

              (1)  The ID of the queue.  This matches what is specified
                   in the --queue-num or --queue-balance options to the
                   iptables(8) NFQUEUE target.  See
                   iptables-extensions(8) for more information.

              (2)  The netlink port ID subscribed to the queue.

              (3)  The number of packets currently queued and waiting to
                   be processed by the application.

              (4)  The copy mode of the queue.  It is either 1 (metadata
                   only) or 2 (also copy payload data to user space).

              (5)  Copy range; that is, how many bytes of packet payload
                   should be copied to user space at most.

              (6)  queue dropped.  Number of packets that had to be
                   dropped by the kernel because too many packets are
                   already waiting for user space to send back the
                   mandatory accept/drop verdicts.

              (7)  queue user dropped.  Number of packets that were
                   dropped within the netlink subsystem.  Such drops
                   usually happen when the corresponding socket buffer
                   is full; that is, user space is not able to read
                   messages fast enough.

              (8)  sequence number.  Every queued packet is associated
                   with a (32-bit) monotonically increasing sequence
                   number.  This shows the ID of the most recent packet
                   queued.

              The last number exists only for compatibility reasons and
              is always 1.

       /proc/partitions
              Contains the major and minor numbers of each partition as
              well as the number of 1024-byte blocks and the partition
              name.

       /proc/pci
              This is a listing of all PCI devices found during kernel
              initialization and their configuration.

              This file has been deprecated in favor of a new /proc
              interface for PCI (/proc/bus/pci).  It became optional in
              Linux 2.2 (available with CONFIG_PCI_OLD_PROC set at
              kernel compilation).  It became once more nonoptionally
              enabled in Linux 2.4.  Next, it was deprecated in Linux
              2.6 (still available with CONFIG_PCI_LEGACY_PROC set), and
              finally removed altogether since Linux 2.6.17.

       /proc/profile (since Linux 2.4)
              This file is present only if the kernel was booted with
              the profile=1 command-line option.  It exposes kernel
              profiling information in a binary format for use by
              readprofile(1).  Writing (e.g., an empty string) to this
              file resets the profiling counters; on some architectures,
              writing a binary integer "profiling multiplier" of size
              sizeof(int) sets the profiling interrupt frequency.

       /proc/scsi
              A directory with the scsi mid-level pseudo-file and
              various SCSI low-level driver directories, which contain a
              file for each SCSI host in this system, all of which give
              the status of some part of the SCSI IO subsystem.  These
              files contain ASCII structures and are, therefore,
              readable with cat(1).

              You can also write to some of the files to reconfigure the
              subsystem or switch certain features on or off.

       /proc/scsi/scsi
              This is a listing of all SCSI devices known to the kernel.
              The listing is similar to the one seen during bootup.
              scsi currently supports only the add-single-device command
              which allows root to add a hotplugged device to the list
              of known devices.

              The command

                  echo 'scsi add-single-device 1 0 5 0' > /proc/scsi/scsi

              will cause host scsi1 to scan on SCSI channel 0 for a
              device on ID 5 LUN 0.  If there is already a device known
              on this address or the address is invalid, an error will
              be returned.

       /proc/scsi/drivername
              drivername can currently be NCR53c7xx, aha152x, aha1542,
              aha1740, aic7xxx, buslogic, eata_dma, eata_pio, fdomain,
              in2000, pas16, qlogic, scsi_debug, seagate, t128, u15-24f,
              ultrastore, or wd7000.  These directories show up for all
              drivers that registered at least one SCSI HBA.  Every
              directory contains one file per registered host.  Every
              host-file is named after the number the host was assigned
              during initialization.

              Reading these files will usually show driver and host
              configuration, statistics, and so on.

              Writing to these files allows different things on
              different hosts.  For example, with the latency and
              nolatency commands, root can switch on and off command
              latency measurement code in the eata_dma driver.  With the
              lockup and unlock commands, root can control bus lockups
              simulated by the scsi_debug driver.

       /proc/self
              This directory refers to the process accessing the /proc
              filesystem, and is identical to the /proc directory named
              by the process ID of the same process.

       /proc/slabinfo
              Information about kernel caches.  See slabinfo(5) for
              details.

       /proc/stat
              kernel/system statistics.  Varies with architecture.
              Common entries include:

              cpu 10132153 290696 3084719 46828483 16683 0 25195 0
              175628 0
              cpu0 1393280 32966 572056 13343292 6130 0 17875 0 23933 0
                     The amount of time, measured in units of USER_HZ
                     (1/100ths of a second on most architectures, use
                     sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK) to obtain the right value),
                     that the system ("cpu" line) or the specific CPU
                     ("cpuN" line) spent in various states:

                     user   (1) Time spent in user mode.

                     nice   (2) Time spent in user mode with low
                            priority (nice).

                     system (3) Time spent in system mode.

                     idle   (4) Time spent in the idle task.  This value
                            should be USER_HZ times the second entry in
                            the /proc/uptime pseudo-file.

                     iowait (since Linux 2.5.41)
                            (5) Time waiting for I/O to complete.  This
                            value is not reliable, for the following
                            reasons:

                            •  The CPU will not wait for I/O to
                               complete; iowait is the time that a task
                               is waiting for I/O to complete.  When a
                               CPU goes into idle state for outstanding
                               task I/O, another task will be scheduled
                               on this CPU.

                            •  On a multi-core CPU, the task waiting for
                               I/O to complete is not running on any
                               CPU, so the iowait of each CPU is
                               difficult to calculate.

                            •  The value in this field may decrease in
                               certain conditions.

                     irq (since Linux 2.6.0)
                            (6) Time servicing interrupts.

                     softirq (since Linux 2.6.0)
                            (7) Time servicing softirqs.

                     steal (since Linux 2.6.11)
                            (8) Stolen time, which is the time spent in
                            other operating systems when running in a
                            virtualized environment

                     guest (since Linux 2.6.24)
                            (9) Time spent running a virtual CPU for
                            guest operating systems under the control of
                            the Linux kernel.

                     guest_nice (since Linux 2.6.33)
                            (10) Time spent running a niced guest
                            (virtual CPU for guest operating systems
                            under the control of the Linux kernel).

              page 5741 1808
                     The number of pages the system paged in and the
                     number that were paged out (from disk).

              swap 1 0
                     The number of swap pages that have been brought in
                     and out.

              intr 1462898
                     This line shows counts of interrupts serviced since
                     boot time, for each of the possible system
                     interrupts.  The first column is the total of all
                     interrupts serviced including unnumbered
                     architecture specific interrupts; each subsequent
                     column is the total for that particular numbered
                     interrupt.  Unnumbered interrupts are not shown,
                     only summed into the total.

              disk_io: (2,0):(31,30,5764,1,2) (3,0):...
                     (major,disk_idx):(noinfo, read_io_ops, blks_read,
                     write_io_ops, blks_written)
                     (Linux 2.4 only)

              ctxt 115315
                     The number of context switches that the system
                     underwent.

              btime 769041601
                     boot time, in seconds since the Epoch, 1970-01-01
                     00:00:00 +0000 (UTC).

              processes 86031
                     Number of forks since boot.

              procs_running 6
                     Number of processes in runnable state.  (Linux
                     2.5.45 onward.)

              procs_blocked 2
                     Number of processes blocked waiting for I/O to
                     complete.  (Linux 2.5.45 onward.)

              softirq 229245889 94 60001584 13619 5175704 2471304 28
              51212741 59130143 0 51240672
                     This line shows the number of softirq for all CPUs.
                     The first column is the total of all softirqs and
                     each subsequent column is the total for particular
                     softirq.  (Linux 2.6.31 onward.)

       /proc/swaps
              Swap areas in use.  See also swapon(8).

       /proc/sys
              This directory (present since Linux 1.3.57) contains a
              number of files and subdirectories corresponding to kernel
              variables.  These variables can be read and in some cases
              modified using the /proc filesystem, and the (deprecated)
              sysctl(2) system call.

              String values may be terminated by either '\0' or '\n'.

              Integer and long values may be written either in decimal
              or in hexadecimal notation (e.g., 0x3FFF).  When writing
              multiple integer or long values, these may be separated by
              any of the following whitespace characters: ' ', '\t', or
              '\n'.  Using other separators leads to the error EINVAL.

       /proc/sys/abi (since Linux 2.4.10)
              This directory may contain files with application binary
              information.  See the Linux kernel source file
              Documentation/sysctl/abi.rst (or
              Documentation/sysctl/abi.txt before Linux 5.3) for more
              information.

       /proc/sys/debug
              This directory may be empty.

       /proc/sys/dev
              This directory contains device-specific information (e.g.,
              dev/cdrom/info).  On some systems, it may be empty.

       /proc/sys/fs
              This directory contains the files and subdirectories for
              kernel variables related to filesystems.

       /proc/sys/fs/aio-max-nr and /proc/sys/fs/aio-nr (since Linux
       2.6.4)
              aio-nr is the running total of the number of events
              specified by io_setup(2) calls for all currently active
              AIO contexts.  If aio-nr reaches aio-max-nr, then
              io_setup(2) will fail with the error EAGAIN.  Raising
              aio-max-nr does not result in the preallocation or
              resizing of any kernel data structures.

       /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
              Documentation for files in this directory can be found in
              the Linux kernel source in the file
              Documentation/admin-guide/binfmt-misc.rst (or in
              Documentation/binfmt_misc.txt on older kernels).

       /proc/sys/fs/dentry-state (since Linux 2.2)
              This file contains information about the status of the
              directory cache (dcache).  The file contains six numbers,
              nr_dentry, nr_unused, age_limit (age in seconds),
              want_pages (pages requested by system) and two dummy
              values.

              •  nr_dentry is the number of allocated dentries (dcache
                 entries).  This field is unused in Linux 2.2.

              •  nr_unused is the number of unused dentries.

              •  age_limit is the age in seconds after which dcache
                 entries can be reclaimed when memory is short.

              •  want_pages is nonzero when the kernel has called
                 shrink_dcache_pages() and the dcache isn't pruned yet.

       /proc/sys/fs/dir-notify-enable
              This file can be used to disable or enable the dnotify
              interface described in fcntl(2) on a system-wide basis.  A
              value of 0 in this file disables the interface, and a
              value of 1 enables it.

       /proc/sys/fs/dquot-max
              This file shows the maximum number of cached disk quota
              entries.  On some (2.4) systems, it is not present.  If
              the number of free cached disk quota entries is very low
              and you have some awesome number of simultaneous system
              users, you might want to raise the limit.

       /proc/sys/fs/dquot-nr
              This file shows the number of allocated disk quota entries
              and the number of free disk quota entries.

       /proc/sys/fs/epoll (since Linux 2.6.28)
              This directory contains the file max_user_watches, which
              can be used to limit the amount of kernel memory consumed
              by the epoll interface.  For further details, see
              epoll(7).

       /proc/sys/fs/file-max
              This file defines a system-wide limit on the number of
              open files for all processes.  System calls that fail when
              encountering this limit fail with the error ENFILE.  (See
              also setrlimit(2), which can be used by a process to set
              the per-process limit, RLIMIT_NOFILE, on the number of
              files it may open.)  If you get lots of error messages in
              the kernel log about running out of file handles (open
              file descriptions) (look for "VFS: file-max limit <number>
              reached"), try increasing this value:

                  echo 100000 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max

              Privileged processes (CAP_SYS_ADMIN) can override the
              file-max limit.

       /proc/sys/fs/file-nr
              This (read-only) file contains three numbers: the number
              of allocated file handles (i.e., the number of open file
              descriptions; see open(2)); the number of free file
              handles; and the maximum number of file handles (i.e., the
              same value as /proc/sys/fs/file-max).  If the number of
              allocated file handles is close to the maximum, you should
              consider increasing the maximum.  Before Linux 2.6, the
              kernel allocated file handles dynamically, but it didn't
              free them again.  Instead the free file handles were kept
              in a list for reallocation; the "free file handles" value
              indicates the size of that list.  A large number of free
              file handles indicates that there was a past peak in the
              usage of open file handles.  Since Linux 2.6, the kernel
              does deallocate freed file handles, and the "free file
              handles" value is always zero.

       /proc/sys/fs/inode-max (only present until Linux 2.2)
              This file contains the maximum number of in-memory inodes.
              This value should be 3–4 times larger than the value in
              file-max, since stdin, stdout and network sockets also
              need an inode to handle them.  When you regularly run out
              of inodes, you need to increase this value.

              Starting with Linux 2.4, there is no longer a static limit
              on the number of inodes, and this file is removed.

       /proc/sys/fs/inode-nr
              This file contains the first two values from inode-state.

       /proc/sys/fs/inode-state
              This file contains seven numbers: nr_inodes,
              nr_free_inodes, preshrink, and four dummy values (always
              zero).

              nr_inodes is the number of inodes the system has
              allocated.  nr_free_inodes represents the number of free
              inodes.

              preshrink is nonzero when the nr_inodes > inode-max and
              the system needs to prune the inode list instead of
              allocating more; since Linux 2.4, this field is a dummy
              value (always zero).

       /proc/sys/fs/inotify (since Linux 2.6.13)
              This directory contains files max_queued_events,
              max_user_instances, and max_user_watches, that can be used
              to limit the amount of kernel memory consumed by the
              inotify interface.  For further details, see inotify(7).

       /proc/sys/fs/lease-break-time
              This file specifies the grace period that the kernel
              grants to a process holding a file lease (fcntl(2)) after
              it has sent a signal to that process notifying it that
              another process is waiting to open the file.  If the lease
              holder does not remove or downgrade the lease within this
              grace period, the kernel forcibly breaks the lease.

       /proc/sys/fs/leases-enable
              This file can be used to enable or disable file leases
              (fcntl(2)) on a system-wide basis.  If this file contains
              the value 0, leases are disabled.  A nonzero value enables
              leases.

       /proc/sys/fs/mount-max (since Linux 4.9)
              The value in this file specifies the maximum number of
              mounts that may exist in a mount namespace.  The default
              value in this file is 100,000.

       /proc/sys/fs/mqueue (since Linux 2.6.6)
              This directory contains files msg_max, msgsize_max, and
              queues_max, controlling the resources used by POSIX
              message queues.  See mq_overview(7) for details.

       /proc/sys/fs/nr_open (since Linux 2.6.25)
              This file imposes a ceiling on the value to which the
              RLIMIT_NOFILE resource limit can be raised (see
              getrlimit(2)).  This ceiling is enforced for both
              unprivileged and privileged process.  The default value in
              this file is 1048576.  (Before Linux 2.6.25, the ceiling
              for RLIMIT_NOFILE was hard-coded to the same value.)

       /proc/sys/fs/overflowgid and /proc/sys/fs/overflowuid
              These files allow you to change the value of the fixed UID
              and GID.  The default is 65534.  Some filesystems support
              only 16-bit UIDs and GIDs, although in Linux UIDs and GIDs
              are 32 bits.  When one of these filesystems is mounted
              with writes enabled, any UID or GID that would exceed
              65535 is translated to the overflow value before being
              written to disk.

       /proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size (since Linux 2.6.35)
              See pipe(7).

       /proc/sys/fs/pipe-user-pages-hard (since Linux 4.5)
              See pipe(7).

       /proc/sys/fs/pipe-user-pages-soft (since Linux 4.5)
              See pipe(7).

       /proc/sys/fs/protected_fifos (since Linux 4.19)
              The value in this file is/can be set to one of the
              following:

              0   Writing to FIFOs is unrestricted.

              1   Don't allow O_CREAT open(2) on FIFOs that the caller
                  doesn't own in world-writable sticky directories,
                  unless the FIFO is owned by the owner of the
                  directory.

              2   As for the value 1, but the restriction also applies
                  to group-writable sticky directories.

              The intent of the above protections is to avoid
              unintentional writes to an attacker-controlled FIFO when a
              program expected to create a regular file.

       /proc/sys/fs/protected_hardlinks (since Linux 3.6)
              When the value in this file is 0, no restrictions are
              placed on the creation of hard links (i.e., this is the
              historical behavior before Linux 3.6).  When the value in
              this file is 1, a hard link can be created to a target
              file only if one of the following conditions is true:

              •  The calling process has the CAP_FOWNER capability in
                 its user namespace and the file UID has a mapping in
                 the namespace.

              •  The filesystem UID of the process creating the link
                 matches the owner (UID) of the target file (as
                 described in credentials(7), a process's filesystem UID
                 is normally the same as its effective UID).

              •  All of the following conditions are true:

                  •  the target is a regular file;

                  •  the target file does not have its set-user-ID mode
                     bit enabled;

                  •  the target file does not have both its set-group-ID
                     and group-executable mode bits enabled; and

                  •  the caller has permission to read and write the
                     target file (either via the file's permissions mask
                     or because it has suitable capabilities).

              The default value in this file is 0.  Setting the value to
              1 prevents a longstanding class of security issues caused
              by hard-link-based time-of-check, time-of-use races, most
              commonly seen in world-writable directories such as /tmp.
              The common method of exploiting this flaw is to cross
              privilege boundaries when following a given hard link
              (i.e., a root process follows a hard link created by
              another user).  Additionally, on systems without separated
              partitions, this stops unauthorized users from "pinning"
              vulnerable set-user-ID and set-group-ID files against
              being upgraded by the administrator, or linking to special
              files.

       /proc/sys/fs/protected_regular (since Linux 4.19)
              The value in this file is/can be set to one of the
              following:

              0   Writing to regular files is unrestricted.

              1   Don't allow O_CREAT open(2) on regular files that the
                  caller doesn't own in world-writable sticky
                  directories, unless the regular file is owned by the
                  owner of the directory.

              2   As for the value 1, but the restriction also applies
                  to group-writable sticky directories.

              The intent of the above protections is similar to
              protected_fifos, but allows an application to avoid writes
              to an attacker-controlled regular file, where the
              application expected to create one.

       /proc/sys/fs/protected_symlinks (since Linux 3.6)
              When the value in this file is 0, no restrictions are
              placed on following symbolic links (i.e., this is the
              historical behavior before Linux 3.6).  When the value in
              this file is 1, symbolic links are followed only in the
              following circumstances:

              •  the filesystem UID of the process following the link
                 matches the owner (UID) of the symbolic link (as
                 described in credentials(7), a process's filesystem UID
                 is normally the same as its effective UID);

              •  the link is not in a sticky world-writable directory;
                 or

              •  the symbolic link and its parent directory have the
                 same owner (UID)

              A system call that fails to follow a symbolic link because
              of the above restrictions returns the error EACCES in
              errno.

              The default value in this file is 0.  Setting the value to
              1 avoids a longstanding class of security issues based on
              time-of-check, time-of-use races when accessing symbolic
              links.

       /proc/sys/fs/suid_dumpable (since Linux 2.6.13)
              The value in this file is assigned to a process's
              "dumpable" flag in the circumstances described in
              prctl(2).  In effect, the value in this file determines
              whether core dump files are produced for set-user-ID or
              otherwise protected/tainted binaries.  The "dumpable"
              setting also affects the ownership of files in a process's
              /proc/pid directory, as described above.

              Three different integer values can be specified:

              0 (default)
                     This provides the traditional (pre-Linux 2.6.13)
                     behavior.  A core dump will not be produced for a
                     process which has changed credentials (by calling
                     seteuid(2), setgid(2), or similar, or by executing
                     a set-user-ID or set-group-ID program) or whose
                     binary does not have read permission enabled.

              1 ("debug")
                     All processes dump core when possible.  (Reasons
                     why a process might nevertheless not dump core are
                     described in core(5).)  The core dump is owned by
                     the filesystem user ID of the dumping process and
                     no security is applied.  This is intended for
                     system debugging situations only: this mode is
                     insecure because it allows unprivileged users to
                     examine the memory contents of privileged
                     processes.

              2 ("suidsafe")
                     Any binary which normally would not be dumped (see
                     "0" above) is dumped readable by root only.  This
                     allows the user to remove the core dump file but
                     not to read it.  For security reasons core dumps in
                     this mode will not overwrite one another or other
                     files.  This mode is appropriate when
                     administrators are attempting to debug problems in
                     a normal environment.

                     Additionally, since Linux 3.6,
                     /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern must either be an
                     absolute pathname or a pipe command, as detailed in
                     core(5).  Warnings will be written to the kernel
                     log if core_pattern does not follow these rules,
                     and no core dump will be produced.

              For details of the effect of a process's "dumpable"
              setting on ptrace access mode checking, see ptrace(2).

       /proc/sys/fs/super-max
              This file controls the maximum number of superblocks, and
              thus the maximum number of mounted filesystems the kernel
              can have.  You need increase only super-max if you need to
              mount more filesystems than the current value in super-max
              allows you to.

       /proc/sys/fs/super-nr
              This file contains the number of filesystems currently
              mounted.

       /proc/sys/kernel
              This directory contains files controlling a range of
              kernel parameters, as described below.

       /proc/sys/kernel/acct
              This file contains three numbers: highwater, lowwater, and
              frequency.  If BSD-style process accounting is enabled,
              these values control its behavior.  If free space on
              filesystem where the log lives goes below lowwater
              percent, accounting suspends.  If free space gets above
              highwater percent, accounting resumes.  frequency
              determines how often the kernel checks the amount of free
              space (value is in seconds).  Default values are 4, 2, and
              30.  That is, suspend accounting if 2% or less space is
              free; resume it if 4% or more space is free; consider
              information about amount of free space valid for 30
              seconds.

       /proc/sys/kernel/auto_msgmni (Linux 2.6.27 to Linux 3.18)
              From Linux 2.6.27 to Linux 3.18, this file was used to
              control recomputing of the value in
              /proc/sys/kernel/msgmni upon the addition or removal of
              memory or upon IPC namespace creation/removal.  Echoing
              "1" into this file enabled msgmni automatic recomputing
              (and triggered a recomputation of msgmni based on the
              current amount of available memory and number of IPC
              namespaces).  Echoing "0" disabled automatic recomputing.
              (Automatic recomputing was also disabled if a value was
              explicitly assigned to /proc/sys/kernel/msgmni.)  The
              default value in auto_msgmni was 1.

              Since Linux 3.19, the content of this file has no effect
              (because msgmni defaults to near the maximum value
              possible), and reads from this file always return the
              value "0".

       /proc/sys/kernel/cap_last_cap (since Linux 3.2)
              See capabilities(7).

       /proc/sys/kernel/cap-bound (from Linux 2.2 to Linux 2.6.24)
              This file holds the value of the kernel capability
              bounding set (expressed as a signed decimal number).  This
              set is ANDed against the capabilities permitted to a
              process during execve(2).  Starting with Linux 2.6.25, the
              system-wide capability bounding set disappeared, and was
              replaced by a per-thread bounding set; see
              capabilities(7).

       /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern
              See core(5).

       /proc/sys/kernel/core_pipe_limit
              See core(5).

       /proc/sys/kernel/core_uses_pid
              See core(5).

       /proc/sys/kernel/ctrl-alt-del
              This file controls the handling of Ctrl-Alt-Del from the
              keyboard.  When the value in this file is 0, Ctrl-Alt-Del
              is trapped and sent to the init(1) program to handle a
              graceful restart.  When the value is greater than zero,
              Linux's reaction to a Vulcan Nerve Pinch (tm) will be an
              immediate reboot, without even syncing its dirty buffers.
              Note: when a program (like dosemu) has the keyboard in
              "raw" mode, the Ctrl-Alt-Del is intercepted by the program
              before it ever reaches the kernel tty layer, and it's up
              to the program to decide what to do with it.

       /proc/sys/kernel/dmesg_restrict (since Linux 2.6.37)
              The value in this file determines who can see kernel
              syslog contents.  A value of 0 in this file imposes no
              restrictions.  If the value is 1, only privileged users
              can read the kernel syslog.  (See syslog(2) for more
              details.)  Since Linux 3.4, only users with the
              CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability may change the value in this
              file.

       /proc/sys/kernel/domainname and /proc/sys/kernel/hostname
              can be used to set the NIS/YP domainname and the hostname
              of your box in exactly the same way as the commands
              domainname(1) and hostname(1), that is:

                  # echo 'darkstar' > /proc/sys/kernel/hostname
                  # echo 'mydomain' > /proc/sys/kernel/domainname

              has the same effect as

                  # hostname 'darkstar'
                  # domainname 'mydomain'

              Note, however, that the classic darkstar.frop.org has the
              hostname "darkstar" and DNS (Internet Domain Name Server)
              domainname "frop.org", not to be confused with the NIS
              (Network Information Service) or YP (Yellow Pages)
              domainname.  These two domain names are in general
              different.  For a detailed discussion see the hostname(1)
              man page.

       /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug
              This file contains the pathname for the hotplug policy
              agent.  The default value in this file is /sbin/hotplug.

       /proc/sys/kernel/htab-reclaim (before Linux 2.4.9.2)
              (PowerPC only) If this file is set to a nonzero value, the
              PowerPC htab (see kernel file
              Documentation/powerpc/ppc_htab.txt) is pruned each time
              the system hits the idle loop.

       /proc/sys/kernel/keys/*
              This directory contains various files that define
              parameters and limits for the key-management facility.
              These files are described in keyrings(7).

       /proc/sys/kernel/kptr_restrict (since Linux 2.6.38)
              The value in this file determines whether kernel addresses
              are exposed via /proc files and other interfaces.  A value
              of 0 in this file imposes no restrictions.  If the value
              is 1, kernel pointers printed using the %pK format
              specifier will be replaced with zeros unless the user has
              the CAP_SYSLOG capability.  If the value is 2, kernel
              pointers printed using the %pK format specifier will be
              replaced with zeros regardless of the user's capabilities.
              The initial default value for this file was 1, but the
              default was changed to 0 in Linux 2.6.39.  Since Linux
              3.4, only users with the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability can
              change the value in this file.

       /proc/sys/kernel/l2cr
              (PowerPC only) This file contains a flag that controls the
              L2 cache of G3 processor boards.  If 0, the cache is
              disabled.  Enabled if nonzero.

       /proc/sys/kernel/modprobe
              This file contains the pathname for the kernel module
              loader.  The default value is /sbin/modprobe.  The file is
              present only if the kernel is built with the
              CONFIG_MODULES (CONFIG_KMOD in Linux 2.6.26 and earlier)
              option enabled.  It is described by the Linux kernel
              source file Documentation/kmod.txt (present only in Linux
              2.4 and earlier).

       /proc/sys/kernel/modules_disabled (since Linux 2.6.31)
              A toggle value indicating if modules are allowed to be
              loaded in an otherwise modular kernel.  This toggle
              defaults to off (0), but can be set true (1).  Once true,
              modules can be neither loaded nor unloaded, and the toggle
              cannot be set back to false.  The file is present only if
              the kernel is built with the CONFIG_MODULES option
              enabled.

       /proc/sys/kernel/msgmax (since Linux 2.2)
              This file defines a system-wide limit specifying the
              maximum number of bytes in a single message written on a
              System V message queue.

       /proc/sys/kernel/msgmni (since Linux 2.4)
              This file defines the system-wide limit on the number of
              message queue identifiers.  See also
              /proc/sys/kernel/auto_msgmni.

       /proc/sys/kernel/msgmnb (since Linux 2.2)
              This file defines a system-wide parameter used to
              initialize the msg_qbytes setting for subsequently created
              message queues.  The msg_qbytes setting specifies the
              maximum number of bytes that may be written to the message
              queue.

       /proc/sys/kernel/ngroups_max (since Linux 2.6.4)
              This is a read-only file that displays the upper limit on
              the number of a process's group memberships.

       /proc/sys/kernel/ns_last_pid (since Linux 3.3)
              See pid_namespaces(7).

       /proc/sys/kernel/ostype and /proc/sys/kernel/osrelease
              These files give substrings of /proc/version.

       /proc/sys/kernel/overflowgid and /proc/sys/kernel/overflowuid
              These files duplicate the files /proc/sys/fs/overflowgid
              and /proc/sys/fs/overflowuid.

       /proc/sys/kernel/panic
              This file gives read/write access to the kernel variable
              panic_timeout.  If this is zero, the kernel will loop on a
              panic; if nonzero, it indicates that the kernel should
              autoreboot after this number of seconds.  When you use the
              software watchdog device driver, the recommended setting
              is 60.

       /proc/sys/kernel/panic_on_oops (since Linux 2.5.68)
              This file controls the kernel's behavior when an oops or
              BUG is encountered.  If this file contains 0, then the
              system tries to continue operation.  If it contains 1,
              then the system delays a few seconds (to give klogd time
              to record the oops output) and then panics.  If the
              /proc/sys/kernel/panic file is also nonzero, then the
              machine will be rebooted.

       /proc/sys/kernel/pid_max (since Linux 2.5.34)
              This file specifies the value at which PIDs wrap around
              (i.e., the value in this file is one greater than the
              maximum PID).  PIDs greater than this value are not
              allocated; thus, the value in this file also acts as a
              system-wide limit on the total number of processes and
              threads.  The default value for this file, 32768, results
              in the same range of PIDs as on earlier kernels.  On
              32-bit platforms, 32768 is the maximum value for pid_max.
              On 64-bit systems, pid_max can be set to any value up to
              2^22 (PID_MAX_LIMIT, approximately 4 million).

       /proc/sys/kernel/powersave-nap (PowerPC only)
              This file contains a flag.  If set, Linux-PPC will use the
              "nap" mode of powersaving, otherwise the "doze" mode will
              be used.

       /proc/sys/kernel/printk
              See syslog(2).

       /proc/sys/kernel/pty (since Linux 2.6.4)
              This directory contains two files relating to the number
              of UNIX 98 pseudoterminals (see pts(4)) on the system.

       /proc/sys/kernel/pty/max
              This file defines the maximum number of pseudoterminals.

       /proc/sys/kernel/pty/nr
              This read-only file indicates how many pseudoterminals are
              currently in use.

       /proc/sys/kernel/random
              This directory contains various parameters controlling the
              operation of the file /dev/random.  See random(4) for
              further information.

       /proc/sys/kernel/random/uuid (since Linux 2.4)
              Each read from this read-only file returns a randomly
              generated 128-bit UUID, as a string in the standard UUID
              format.

       /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space (since Linux 2.6.12)
              Select the address space layout randomization (ASLR)
              policy for the system (on architectures that support
              ASLR).  Three values are supported for this file:

              0      Turn ASLR off.  This is the default for
                     architectures that don't support ASLR, and when the
                     kernel is booted with the norandmaps parameter.

              1      Make the addresses of mmap(2) allocations, the
                     stack, and the VDSO page randomized.  Among other
                     things, this means that shared libraries will be
                     loaded at randomized addresses.  The text segment
                     of PIE-linked binaries will also be loaded at a
                     randomized address.  This value is the default if
                     the kernel was configured with CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK.

              2      (Since Linux 2.6.25) Also support heap
                     randomization.  This value is the default if the
                     kernel was not configured with CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK.

       /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev
              This file is documented in the Linux kernel source file
              Documentation/admin-guide/initrd.rst (or
              Documentation/initrd.txt before Linux 4.10).

       /proc/sys/kernel/reboot-cmd (Sparc only)
              This file seems to be a way to give an argument to the
              SPARC ROM/Flash boot loader.  Maybe to tell it what to do
              after rebooting?

       /proc/sys/kernel/rtsig-max
              (Up to and including Linux 2.6.7; see setrlimit(2)) This
              file can be used to tune the maximum number of POSIX real-
              time (queued) signals that can be outstanding in the
              system.

       /proc/sys/kernel/rtsig-nr
              (Up to and including Linux 2.6.7.)  This file shows the
              number of POSIX real-time signals currently queued.

       /proc/pid/sched_autogroup_enabled (since Linux 2.6.38)
              See sched(7).

       /proc/sys/kernel/sched_child_runs_first (since Linux 2.6.23)
              If this file contains the value zero, then, after a
              fork(2), the parent is first scheduled on the CPU.  If the
              file contains a nonzero value, then the child is scheduled
              first on the CPU.  (Of course, on a multiprocessor system,
              the parent and the child might both immediately be
              scheduled on a CPU.)

       /proc/sys/kernel/sched_rr_timeslice_ms (since Linux 3.9)
              See sched_rr_get_interval(2).

       /proc/sys/kernel/sched_rt_period_us (since Linux 2.6.25)
              See sched(7).

       /proc/sys/kernel/sched_rt_runtime_us (since Linux 2.6.25)
              See sched(7).

       /proc/sys/kernel/seccomp (since Linux 4.14)
              This directory provides additional seccomp information and
              configuration.  See seccomp(2) for further details.

       /proc/sys/kernel/sem (since Linux 2.4)
              This file contains 4 numbers defining limits for System V
              IPC semaphores.  These fields are, in order:

              SEMMSL The maximum semaphores per semaphore set.

              SEMMNS A system-wide limit on the number of semaphores in
                     all semaphore sets.

              SEMOPM The maximum number of operations that may be
                     specified in a semop(2) call.

              SEMMNI A system-wide limit on the maximum number of
                     semaphore identifiers.

       /proc/sys/kernel/sg-big-buff
              This file shows the size of the generic SCSI device (sg)
              buffer.  You can't tune it just yet, but you could change
              it at compile time by editing include/scsi/sg.h and
              changing the value of SG_BIG_BUFF.  However, there
              shouldn't be any reason to change this value.

       /proc/sys/kernel/shm_rmid_forced (since Linux 3.1)
              If this file is set to 1, all System V shared memory
              segments will be marked for destruction as soon as the
              number of attached processes falls to zero; in other
              words, it is no longer possible to create shared memory
              segments that exist independently of any attached process.

              The effect is as though a shmctl(2) IPC_RMID is performed
              on all existing segments as well as all segments created
              in the future (until this file is reset to 0).  Note that
              existing segments that are attached to no process will be
              immediately destroyed when this file is set to 1.  Setting
              this option will also destroy segments that were created,
              but never attached, upon termination of the process that
              created the segment with shmget(2).

              Setting this file to 1 provides a way of ensuring that all
              System V shared memory segments are counted against the
              resource usage and resource limits (see the description of
              RLIMIT_AS in getrlimit(2)) of at least one process.

              Because setting this file to 1 produces behavior that is
              nonstandard and could also break existing applications,
              the default value in this file is 0.  Set this file to 1
              only if you have a good understanding of the semantics of
              the applications using System V shared memory on your
              system.

       /proc/sys/kernel/shmall (since Linux 2.2)
              This file contains the system-wide limit on the total
              number of pages of System V shared memory.

       /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax (since Linux 2.2)
              This file can be used to query and set the run-time limit
              on the maximum (System V IPC) shared memory segment size
              that can be created.  Shared memory segments up to 1 GB
              are now supported in the kernel.  This value defaults to
              SHMMAX.

       /proc/sys/kernel/shmmni (since Linux 2.4)
              This file specifies the system-wide maximum number of
              System V shared memory segments that can be created.

       /proc/sys/kernel/sysctl_writes_strict (since Linux 3.16)
              The value in this file determines how the file offset
              affects the behavior of updating entries in files under
              /proc/sys.  The file has three possible values:

              -1  This provides legacy handling, with no printk
                  warnings.  Each write(2) must fully contain the value
                  to be written, and multiple writes on the same file
                  descriptor will overwrite the entire value, regardless
                  of the file position.

              0   (default) This provides the same behavior as for -1,
                  but printk warnings are written for processes that
                  perform writes when the file offset is not 0.

              1   Respect the file offset when writing strings into
                  /proc/sys files.  Multiple writes will append to the
                  value buffer.  Anything written beyond the maximum
                  length of the value buffer will be ignored.  Writes to
                  numeric /proc/sys entries must always be at file
                  offset 0 and the value must be fully contained in the
                  buffer provided to write(2).

       /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq
              This file controls the functions allowed to be invoked by
              the SysRq key.  By default, the file contains 1 meaning
              that every possible SysRq request is allowed (in older
              kernel versions, SysRq was disabled by default, and you
              were required to specifically enable it at run-time, but
              this is not the case any more).  Possible values in this
              file are:

              0    Disable sysrq completely

              1    Enable all functions of sysrq

              > 1  Bit mask of allowed sysrq functions, as follows:
                     2  Enable control of console logging level
                     4  Enable control of keyboard (SAK, unraw)
                     8  Enable debugging dumps of processes etc.
                    16  Enable sync command
                    32  Enable remount read-only
                    64  Enable signaling of processes (term, kill, oom-
                        kill)
                   128  Allow reboot/poweroff
                   256  Allow nicing of all real-time tasks

              This file is present only if the CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ kernel
              configuration option is enabled.  For further details see
              the Linux kernel source file
              Documentation/admin-guide/sysrq.rst (or
              Documentation/sysrq.txt before Linux 4.10).

       /proc/sys/kernel/version
              This file contains a string such as:

                  #5 Wed Feb 25 21:49:24 MET 1998

              The "#5" means that this is the fifth kernel built from
              this source base and the date following it indicates the
              time the kernel was built.

       /proc/sys/kernel/threads-max (since Linux 2.3.11)
              This file specifies the system-wide limit on the number of
              threads (tasks) that can be created on the system.

              Since Linux 4.1, the value that can be written to
              threads-max is bounded.  The minimum value that can be
              written is 20.  The maximum value that can be written is
              given by the constant FUTEX_TID_MASK (0x3fffffff).  If a
              value outside of this range is written to threads-max, the
              error EINVAL occurs.

              The value written is checked against the available RAM
              pages.  If the thread structures would occupy too much
              (more than 1/8th) of the available RAM pages, threads-max
              is reduced accordingly.

       /proc/sys/kernel/yama/ptrace_scope (since Linux 3.5)
              See ptrace(2).

       /proc/sys/kernel/zero-paged (PowerPC only)
              This file contains a flag.  When enabled (nonzero), Linux-
              PPC will pre-zero pages in the idle loop, possibly
              speeding up get_free_pages.

       /proc/sys/net
              This directory contains networking stuff.  Explanations
              for some of the files under this directory can be found in
              tcp(7) and ip(7).

       /proc/sys/net/core/bpf_jit_enable
              See bpf(2).

       /proc/sys/net/core/somaxconn
              This file defines a ceiling value for the backlog argument
              of listen(2); see the listen(2) manual page for details.

       /proc/sys/proc
              This directory may be empty.

       /proc/sys/sunrpc
              This directory supports Sun remote procedure call for
              network filesystem (NFS).  On some systems, it is not
              present.

       /proc/sys/user (since Linux 4.9)
              See namespaces(7).

       /proc/sys/vm
              This directory contains files for memory management
              tuning, buffer, and cache management.

       /proc/sys/vm/admin_reserve_kbytes (since Linux 3.10)
              This file defines the amount of free memory (in KiB) on
              the system that should be reserved for users with the
              capability CAP_SYS_ADMIN.

              The default value in this file is the minimum of [3% of
              free pages, 8MiB] expressed as KiB.  The default is
              intended to provide enough for the superuser to log in and
              kill a process, if necessary, under the default overcommit
              'guess' mode (i.e., 0 in /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory).

              Systems running in "overcommit never" mode (i.e., 2 in
              /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory) should increase the value
              in this file to account for the full virtual memory size
              of the programs used to recover (e.g., login(1) ssh(1),
              and top(1)) Otherwise, the superuser may not be able to
              log in to recover the system.  For example, on x86-64 a
              suitable value is 131072 (128MiB reserved).

              Changing the value in this file takes effect whenever an
              application requests memory.

       /proc/sys/vm/compact_memory (since Linux 2.6.35)
              When 1 is written to this file, all zones are compacted
              such that free memory is available in contiguous blocks
              where possible.  The effect of this action can be seen by
              examining /proc/buddyinfo.

              Present only if the kernel was configured with
              CONFIG_COMPACTION.

       /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches (since Linux 2.6.16)
              Writing to this file causes the kernel to drop clean
              caches, dentries, and inodes from memory, causing that
              memory to become free.  This can be useful for memory
              management testing and performing reproducible filesystem
              benchmarks.  Because writing to this file causes the
              benefits of caching to be lost, it can degrade overall
              system performance.

              To free pagecache, use:

                  echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches

              To free dentries and inodes, use:

                  echo 2 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches

              To free pagecache, dentries, and inodes, use:

                  echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches

              Because writing to this file is a nondestructive operation
              and dirty objects are not freeable, the user should run
              sync(1) first.

       /proc/sys/vm/sysctl_hugetlb_shm_group (since Linux 2.6.7)
              This writable file contains a group ID that is allowed to
              allocate memory using huge pages.  If a process has a
              filesystem group ID or any supplementary group ID that
              matches this group ID, then it can make huge-page
              allocations without holding the CAP_IPC_LOCK capability;
              see memfd_create(2), mmap(2), and shmget(2).

       /proc/sys/vm/legacy_va_layout (since Linux 2.6.9)
              If nonzero, this disables the new 32-bit memory-mapping
              layout; the kernel will use the legacy (2.4) layout for
              all processes.

       /proc/sys/vm/memory_failure_early_kill (since Linux 2.6.32)
              Control how to kill processes when an uncorrected memory
              error (typically a 2-bit error in a memory module) that
              cannot be handled by the kernel is detected in the
              background by hardware.  In some cases (like the page
              still having a valid copy on disk), the kernel will handle
              the failure transparently without affecting any
              applications.  But if there is no other up-to-date copy of
              the data, it will kill processes to prevent any data
              corruptions from propagating.

              The file has one of the following values:

              1      Kill all processes that have the corrupted-and-not-
                     reloadable page mapped as soon as the corruption is
                     detected.  Note that this is not supported for a
                     few types of pages, such as kernel internally
                     allocated data or the swap cache, but works for the
                     majority of user pages.

              0      Unmap the corrupted page from all processes and
                     kill a process only if it tries to access the page.

              The kill is performed using a SIGBUS signal with si_code
              set to BUS_MCEERR_AO.  Processes can handle this if they
              want to; see sigaction(2) for more details.

              This feature is active only on architectures/platforms
              with advanced machine check handling and depends on the
              hardware capabilities.

              Applications can override the memory_failure_early_kill
              setting individually with the prctl(2) PR_MCE_KILL
              operation.

              Present only if the kernel was configured with
              CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE.

       /proc/sys/vm/memory_failure_recovery (since Linux 2.6.32)
              Enable memory failure recovery (when supported by the
              platform).

              1      Attempt recovery.

              0      Always panic on a memory failure.

              Present only if the kernel was configured with
              CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE.

       /proc/sys/vm/oom_dump_tasks (since Linux 2.6.25)
              Enables a system-wide task dump (excluding kernel threads)
              to be produced when the kernel performs an OOM-killing.
              The dump includes the following information for each task
              (thread, process): thread ID, real user ID, thread group
              ID (process ID), virtual memory size, resident set size,
              the CPU that the task is scheduled on, oom_adj score (see
              the description of /proc/pid/oom_adj), and command name.
              This is helpful to determine why the OOM-killer was
              invoked and to identify the rogue task that caused it.

              If this contains the value zero, this information is
              suppressed.  On very large systems with thousands of
              tasks, it may not be feasible to dump the memory state
              information for each one.  Such systems should not be
              forced to incur a performance penalty in OOM situations
              when the information may not be desired.

              If this is set to nonzero, this information is shown
              whenever the OOM-killer actually kills a memory-hogging
              task.

              The default value is 0.

       /proc/sys/vm/oom_kill_allocating_task (since Linux 2.6.24)
              This enables or disables killing the OOM-triggering task
              in out-of-memory situations.

              If this is set to zero, the OOM-killer will scan through
              the entire tasklist and select a task based on heuristics
              to kill.  This normally selects a rogue memory-hogging
              task that frees up a large amount of memory when killed.

              If this is set to nonzero, the OOM-killer simply kills the
              task that triggered the out-of-memory condition.  This
              avoids a possibly expensive tasklist scan.

              If /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom is nonzero, it takes
              precedence over whatever value is used in
              /proc/sys/vm/oom_kill_allocating_task.

              The default value is 0.

       /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_kbytes (since Linux 3.14)
              This writable file provides an alternative to
              /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_ratio for controlling the
              CommitLimit when /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory has the
              value 2.  It allows the amount of memory overcommitting to
              be specified as an absolute value (in kB), rather than as
              a percentage, as is done with overcommit_ratio.  This
              allows for finer-grained control of CommitLimit on systems
              with extremely large memory sizes.

              Only one of overcommit_kbytes or overcommit_ratio can have
              an effect: if overcommit_kbytes has a nonzero value, then
              it is used to calculate CommitLimit, otherwise
              overcommit_ratio is used.  Writing a value to either of
              these files causes the value in the other file to be set
              to zero.

       /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory
              This file contains the kernel virtual memory accounting
              mode.  Values are:

                     0: heuristic overcommit (this is the default)
                     1: always overcommit, never check
                     2: always check, never overcommit

              In mode 0, calls of mmap(2) with MAP_NORESERVE are not
              checked, and the default check is very weak, leading to
              the risk of getting a process "OOM-killed".

              In mode 1, the kernel pretends there is always enough
              memory, until memory actually runs out.  One use case for
              this mode is scientific computing applications that employ
              large sparse arrays.  Before Linux 2.6.0, any nonzero
              value implies mode 1.

              In mode 2 (available since Linux 2.6), the total virtual
              address space that can be allocated (CommitLimit in
              /proc/meminfo) is calculated as

                  CommitLimit = (total_RAM - total_huge_TLB) *
                             overcommit_ratio / 100 + total_swap

              where:

              •  total_RAM is the total amount of RAM on the system;

              •  total_huge_TLB is the amount of memory set aside for
                 huge pages;

              •  overcommit_ratio is the value in
                 /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_ratio; and

              •  total_swap is the amount of swap space.

              For example, on a system with 16 GB of physical RAM, 16 GB
              of swap, no space dedicated to huge pages, and an
              overcommit_ratio of 50, this formula yields a CommitLimit
              of 24 GB.

              Since Linux 3.14, if the value in
              /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_kbytes is nonzero, then
              CommitLimit is instead calculated as:

                  CommitLimit = overcommit_kbytes + total_swap

              See also the description of
              /proc/sys/vm/admin_reserve_kbytes and
              /proc/sys/vm/user_reserve_kbytes.

       /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_ratio (since Linux 2.6.0)
              This writable file defines a percentage by which memory
              can be overcommitted.  The default value in the file is
              50.  See the description of
              /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory.

       /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom (since Linux 2.6.18)
              This enables or disables a kernel panic in an out-of-
              memory situation.

              If this file is set to the value 0, the kernel's OOM-
              killer will kill some rogue process.  Usually, the OOM-
              killer is able to kill a rogue process and the system will
              survive.

              If this file is set to the value 1, then the kernel
              normally panics when out-of-memory happens.  However, if a
              process limits allocations to certain nodes using memory
              policies (mbind(2) MPOL_BIND) or cpusets (cpuset(7)) and
              those nodes reach memory exhaustion status, one process
              may be killed by the OOM-killer.  No panic occurs in this
              case: because other nodes' memory may be free, this means
              the system as a whole may not have reached an out-of-
              memory situation yet.

              If this file is set to the value 2, the kernel always
              panics when an out-of-memory condition occurs.

              The default value is 0.  1 and 2 are for failover of
              clustering.  Select either according to your policy of
              failover.

       /proc/sys/vm/swappiness
              The value in this file controls how aggressively the
              kernel will swap memory pages.  Higher values increase
              aggressiveness, lower values decrease aggressiveness.  The
              default value is 60.

       /proc/sys/vm/user_reserve_kbytes (since Linux 3.10)
              Specifies an amount of memory (in KiB) to reserve for user
              processes.  This is intended to prevent a user from
              starting a single memory hogging process, such that they
              cannot recover (kill the hog).  The value in this file has
              an effect only when /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory is set
              to 2 ("overcommit never" mode).  In this case, the system
              reserves an amount of memory that is the minimum of [3% of
              current process size, user_reserve_kbytes].

              The default value in this file is the minimum of [3% of
              free pages, 128MiB] expressed as KiB.

              If the value in this file is set to zero, then a user will
              be allowed to allocate all free memory with a single
              process (minus the amount reserved by
              /proc/sys/vm/admin_reserve_kbytes).  Any subsequent
              attempts to execute a command will result in "fork: Cannot
              allocate memory".

              Changing the value in this file takes effect whenever an
              application requests memory.

       /proc/sys/vm/unprivileged_userfaultfd (since Linux 5.2)
              This (writable) file exposes a flag that controls whether
              unprivileged processes are allowed to employ
              userfaultfd(2).  If this file has the value 1, then
              unprivileged processes may use userfaultfd(2).  If this
              file has the value 0, then only processes that have the
              CAP_SYS_PTRACE capability may employ userfaultfd(2).  The
              default value in this file is 1.

       /proc/sysrq-trigger (since Linux 2.4.21)
              Writing a character to this file triggers the same SysRq
              function as typing ALT-SysRq-<character> (see the
              description of /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq).  This file is
              normally writable only by root.  For further details see
              the Linux kernel source file
              Documentation/admin-guide/sysrq.rst (or
              Documentation/sysrq.txt before Linux 4.10).

       /proc/sysvipc
              Subdirectory containing the pseudo-files msg, sem and shm.
              These files list the System V Interprocess Communication
              (IPC) objects (respectively: message queues, semaphores,
              and shared memory) that currently exist on the system,
              providing similar information to that available via
              ipcs(1).  These files have headers and are formatted (one
              IPC object per line) for easy understanding.  sysvipc(7)
              provides further background on the information shown by
              these files.

       /proc/thread-self (since Linux 3.17)
              This directory refers to the thread accessing the /proc
              filesystem, and is identical to the /proc/self/task/tid
              directory named by the process thread ID (tid) of the same
              thread.

       /proc/timer_list (since Linux 2.6.21)
              This read-only file exposes a list of all currently
              pending (high-resolution) timers, all clock-event sources,
              and their parameters in a human-readable form.

       /proc/timer_stats (from  Linux 2.6.21 until Linux 4.10)
              This is a debugging facility to make timer (ab)use in a
              Linux system visible to kernel and user-space developers.
              It can be used by kernel and user-space developers to
              verify that their code does not make undue use of timers.
              The goal is to avoid unnecessary wakeups, thereby
              optimizing power consumption.

              If enabled in the kernel (CONFIG_TIMER_STATS), but not
              used, it has almost zero run-time overhead and a
              relatively small data-structure overhead.  Even if
              collection is enabled at run time, overhead is low: all
              the locking is per-CPU and lookup is hashed.

              The /proc/timer_stats file is used both to control
              sampling facility and to read out the sampled information.

              The timer_stats functionality is inactive on bootup.  A
              sampling period can be started using the following
              command:

                  # echo 1 > /proc/timer_stats

              The following command stops a sampling period:

                  # echo 0 > /proc/timer_stats

              The statistics can be retrieved by:

                  $ cat /proc/timer_stats

              While sampling is enabled, each readout from
              /proc/timer_stats will see newly updated statistics.  Once
              sampling is disabled, the sampled information is kept
              until a new sample period is started.  This allows
              multiple readouts.

              Sample output from /proc/timer_stats:

                  $ cat /proc/timer_stats
                  Timer Stats Version: v0.3
                  Sample period: 1.764 s
                  Collection: active
                    255,     0 swapper/3        hrtimer_start_range_ns (tick_sched_timer)
                     71,     0 swapper/1        hrtimer_start_range_ns (tick_sched_timer)
                     58,     0 swapper/0        hrtimer_start_range_ns (tick_sched_timer)
                      4,  1694 gnome-shell      mod_delayed_work_on (delayed_work_timer_fn)
                     17,     7 rcu_sched        rcu_gp_kthread (process_timeout)
                  ...
                      1,  4911 kworker/u16:0    mod_delayed_work_on (delayed_work_timer_fn)
                     1D,  2522 kworker/0:0      queue_delayed_work_on (delayed_work_timer_fn)
                  1029 total events, 583.333 events/sec

              The output columns are:

              [1]  a count of the number of events, optionally (since
                   Linux 2.6.23) followed by the letter 'D' if this is a
                   deferrable timer;

              [2]  the PID of the process that initialized the timer;

              [3]  the name of the process that initialized the timer;

              [4]  the function where the timer was initialized; and (in
                   parentheses) the callback function that is associated
                   with the timer.

              During the Linux 4.11 development cycle, this file  was
              removed because of security concerns, as it exposes
              information across namespaces.  Furthermore, it is
              possible to obtain the same information via in-kernel
              tracing facilities such as ftrace.

       /proc/tty
              Subdirectory containing the pseudo-files and
              subdirectories for tty drivers and line disciplines.

       /proc/uptime
              This file contains two numbers (values in seconds): the
              uptime of the system (including time spent in suspend) and
              the amount of time spent in the idle process.

       /proc/version
              This string identifies the kernel version that is
              currently running.  It includes the contents of
              /proc/sys/kernel/ostype, /proc/sys/kernel/osrelease, and
              /proc/sys/kernel/version.  For example:

                  Linux version 1.0.9 (quinlan@phaze) #1 Sat May 14 01:51:54 EDT 1994

       /proc/vmstat (since Linux 2.6.0)
              This file displays various virtual memory statistics.
              Each line of this file contains a single name-value pair,
              delimited by white space.  Some lines are present only if
              the kernel was configured with suitable options.  (In some
              cases, the options required for particular files have
              changed across kernel versions, so they are not listed
              here.  Details can be found by consulting the kernel
              source code.)  The following fields may be present:

              nr_free_pages (since Linux 2.6.31)

              nr_alloc_batch (since Linux 3.12)

              nr_inactive_anon (since Linux 2.6.28)

              nr_active_anon (since Linux 2.6.28)

              nr_inactive_file (since Linux 2.6.28)

              nr_active_file (since Linux 2.6.28)

              nr_unevictable (since Linux 2.6.28)

              nr_mlock (since Linux 2.6.28)

              nr_anon_pages (since Linux 2.6.18)

              nr_mapped (since Linux 2.6.0)

              nr_file_pages (since Linux 2.6.18)

              nr_dirty (since Linux 2.6.0)

              nr_writeback (since Linux 2.6.0)

              nr_slab_reclaimable (since Linux 2.6.19)

              nr_slab_unreclaimable (since Linux 2.6.19)

              nr_page_table_pages (since Linux 2.6.0)

              nr_kernel_stack (since Linux 2.6.32)
                     Amount of memory allocated to kernel stacks.

              nr_unstable (since Linux 2.6.0)

              nr_bounce (since Linux 2.6.12)

              nr_vmscan_write (since Linux 2.6.19)

              nr_vmscan_immediate_reclaim (since Linux 3.2)

              nr_writeback_temp (since Linux 2.6.26)

              nr_isolated_anon (since Linux 2.6.32)

              nr_isolated_file (since Linux 2.6.32)

              nr_shmem (since Linux 2.6.32)
                     Pages used by shmem and tmpfs(5).

              nr_dirtied (since Linux 2.6.37)

              nr_written (since Linux 2.6.37)

              nr_pages_scanned (since Linux 3.17)

              numa_hit (since Linux 2.6.18)

              numa_miss (since Linux 2.6.18)

              numa_foreign (since Linux 2.6.18)

              numa_interleave (since Linux 2.6.18)

              numa_local (since Linux 2.6.18)

              numa_other (since Linux 2.6.18)

              workingset_refault (since Linux 3.15)

              workingset_activate (since Linux 3.15)

              workingset_nodereclaim (since Linux 3.15)

              nr_anon_transparent_hugepages (since Linux 2.6.38)

              nr_free_cma (since Linux 3.7)
                     Number of free CMA (Contiguous Memory Allocator)
                     pages.

              nr_dirty_threshold (since Linux 2.6.37)

              nr_dirty_background_threshold (since Linux 2.6.37)

              pgpgin (since Linux 2.6.0)

              pgpgout (since Linux 2.6.0)

              pswpin (since Linux 2.6.0)

              pswpout (since Linux 2.6.0)

              pgalloc_dma (since Linux 2.6.5)

              pgalloc_dma32 (since Linux 2.6.16)

              pgalloc_normal (since Linux 2.6.5)

              pgalloc_high (since Linux 2.6.5)

              pgalloc_movable (since Linux 2.6.23)

              pgfree (since Linux 2.6.0)

              pgactivate (since Linux 2.6.0)

              pgdeactivate (since Linux 2.6.0)

              pgfault (since Linux 2.6.0)

              pgmajfault (since Linux 2.6.0)

              pgrefill_dma (since Linux 2.6.5)

              pgrefill_dma32 (since Linux 2.6.16)

              pgrefill_normal (since Linux 2.6.5)

              pgrefill_high (since Linux 2.6.5)

              pgrefill_movable (since Linux 2.6.23)

              pgsteal_kswapd_dma (since Linux 3.4)

              pgsteal_kswapd_dma32 (since Linux 3.4)

              pgsteal_kswapd_normal (since Linux 3.4)

              pgsteal_kswapd_high (since Linux 3.4)

              pgsteal_kswapd_movable (since Linux 3.4)

              pgsteal_direct_dma

              pgsteal_direct_dma32 (since Linux 3.4)

              pgsteal_direct_normal (since Linux 3.4)

              pgsteal_direct_high (since Linux 3.4)

              pgsteal_direct_movable (since Linux 2.6.23)

              pgscan_kswapd_dma

              pgscan_kswapd_dma32 (since Linux 2.6.16)

              pgscan_kswapd_normal (since Linux 2.6.5)

              pgscan_kswapd_high

              pgscan_kswapd_movable (since Linux 2.6.23)

              pgscan_direct_dma

              pgscan_direct_dma32 (since Linux 2.6.16)

              pgscan_direct_normal

              pgscan_direct_high

              pgscan_direct_movable (since Linux 2.6.23)

              pgscan_direct_throttle (since Linux 3.6)

              zone_reclaim_failed (since linux 2.6.31)

              pginodesteal (since linux 2.6.0)

              slabs_scanned (since linux 2.6.5)

              kswapd_inodesteal (since linux 2.6.0)

              kswapd_low_wmark_hit_quickly (since Linux 2.6.33)

              kswapd_high_wmark_hit_quickly (since Linux 2.6.33)

              pageoutrun (since Linux 2.6.0)

              allocstall (since Linux 2.6.0)

              pgrotated (since Linux 2.6.0)

              drop_pagecache (since Linux 3.15)

              drop_slab (since Linux 3.15)

              numa_pte_updates (since Linux 3.8)

              numa_huge_pte_updates (since Linux 3.13)

              numa_hint_faults (since Linux 3.8)

              numa_hint_faults_local (since Linux 3.8)

              numa_pages_migrated (since Linux 3.8)

              pgmigrate_success (since Linux 3.8)

              pgmigrate_fail (since Linux 3.8)

              compact_migrate_scanned (since Linux 3.8)

              compact_free_scanned (since Linux 3.8)

              compact_isolated (since Linux 3.8)

              compact_stall (since Linux 2.6.35)
                     See the kernel source file
                     Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.

              compact_fail (since Linux 2.6.35)
                     See the kernel source file
                     Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.

              compact_success (since Linux 2.6.35)
                     See the kernel source file
                     Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.

              htlb_buddy_alloc_success (since Linux 2.6.26)

              htlb_buddy_alloc_fail (since Linux 2.6.26)

              unevictable_pgs_culled (since Linux 2.6.28)

              unevictable_pgs_scanned (since Linux 2.6.28)

              unevictable_pgs_rescued (since Linux 2.6.28)

              unevictable_pgs_mlocked (since Linux 2.6.28)

              unevictable_pgs_munlocked (since Linux 2.6.28)

              unevictable_pgs_cleared (since Linux 2.6.28)

              unevictable_pgs_stranded (since Linux 2.6.28)

              thp_fault_alloc (since Linux 2.6.39)
                     See the kernel source file
                     Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.

              thp_fault_fallback (since Linux 2.6.39)
                     See the kernel source file
                     Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.

              thp_collapse_alloc (since Linux 2.6.39)
                     See the kernel source file
                     Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.

              thp_collapse_alloc_failed (since Linux 2.6.39)
                     See the kernel source file
                     Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.

              thp_split (since Linux 2.6.39)
                     See the kernel source file
                     Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.

              thp_zero_page_alloc (since Linux 3.8)
                     See the kernel source file
                     Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.

              thp_zero_page_alloc_failed (since Linux 3.8)
                     See the kernel source file
                     Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.

              balloon_inflate (since Linux 3.18)

              balloon_deflate (since Linux 3.18)

              balloon_migrate (since Linux 3.18)

              nr_tlb_remote_flush (since Linux 3.12)

              nr_tlb_remote_flush_received (since Linux 3.12)

              nr_tlb_local_flush_all (since Linux 3.12)

              nr_tlb_local_flush_one (since Linux 3.12)

              vmacache_find_calls (since Linux 3.16)

              vmacache_find_hits (since Linux 3.16)

              vmacache_full_flushes (since Linux 3.19)

       /proc/zoneinfo (since Linux 2.6.13)
              This file displays information about memory zones.  This
              is useful for analyzing virtual memory behavior.

NOTES         top

       Many files contain strings (e.g., the environment and command
       line) that are in the internal format, with subfields terminated
       by null bytes ('\0').  When inspecting such files, you may find
       that the results are more readable if you use a command of the
       following form to display them:

           $ cat file | tr '\000' '\n'

       This manual page is incomplete, possibly inaccurate, and is the
       kind of thing that needs to be updated very often.

SEE ALSO         top

       cat(1), dmesg(1), find(1), free(1), htop(1), init(1), ps(1),
       pstree(1), tr(1), uptime(1), chroot(2), mmap(2), readlink(2),
       syslog(2), slabinfo(5), sysfs(5), hier(7), namespaces(7),
       time(7), arp(8), hdparm(8), ifconfig(8), lsmod(8), lspci(8),
       mount(8), netstat(8), procinfo(8), route(8), sysctl(8)

       The Linux kernel source files:
       Documentation/filesystems/proc.rst,
       Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/fs.rst,
       Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.rst,
       Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/net.rst, and
       Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/vm.rst.

Linux man-pages (unreleased)     (date)                          proc(5)

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