yacc(1p) — Linux manual page

PROLOG | NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | OPERANDS | STDIN | INPUT FILES | ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES | ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS | STDOUT | STDERR | OUTPUT FILES | EXTENDED DESCRIPTION | EXIT STATUS | CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS | APPLICATION USAGE | EXAMPLES | RATIONALE | FUTURE DIRECTIONS | SEE ALSO | COPYRIGHT

YACC(1P)                POSIX Programmer's Manual               YACC(1P)

PROLOG         top

       This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual.  The
       Linux implementation of this interface may differ (consult the
       corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior),
       or the interface may not be implemented on Linux.

NAME         top

       yacc — yet another compiler compiler (DEVELOPMENT)

SYNOPSIS         top

       yacc [-dltv] [-b file_prefix] [-p sym_prefix] grammar

DESCRIPTION         top

       The yacc utility shall read a description of a context-free
       grammar in grammar and write C source code, conforming to the
       ISO C standard, to a code file, and optionally header information
       into a header file, in the current directory. The generated
       source code shall not depend on any undefined, unspecified, or
       implementation-defined behavior, except in cases where it is
       copied directly from the supplied grammar, or in cases that are
       documented by the implementation. The C code shall define a
       function and related routines and macros for an automaton that
       executes a parsing algorithm meeting the requirements in
       Algorithms.

       The form and meaning of the grammar are described in the EXTENDED
       DESCRIPTION section.

       The C source code and header file shall be produced in a form
       suitable as input for the C compiler (see c99(1p)).

OPTIONS         top

       The yacc utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of
       POSIX.1‐2017, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines, except for
       Guideline 9.

       The following options shall be supported:

       -b file_prefix
                 Use file_prefix instead of y as the prefix for all
                 output filenames. The code file y.tab.c, the header
                 file y.tab.h (created when -d is specified), and the
                 description file y.output (created when -v is
                 specified), shall be changed to file_prefix.tab.c,
                 file_prefix.tab.h, and file_prefix.output,
                 respectively.

       -d        Write the header file; by default only the code file is
                 written. See the OUTPUT FILES section.

       -l        Produce a code file that does not contain any #line
                 constructs. If this option is not present, it is
                 unspecified whether the code file or header file
                 contains #line directives. This should only be used
                 after the grammar and the associated actions are fully
                 debugged.

       -p sym_prefix
                 Use sym_prefix instead of yy as the prefix for all
                 external names produced by yacc.  The names affected
                 shall include the functions yyparse(), yylex(), and
                 yyerror(), and the variables yylval, yychar, and
                 yydebug.  (In the remainder of this section, the six
                 symbols cited are referenced using their default names
                 only as a notational convenience.) Local names may also
                 be affected by the -p option; however, the -p option
                 shall not affect #define symbols generated by yacc.

       -t        Modify conditional compilation directives to permit
                 compilation of debugging code in the code file. Runtime
                 debugging statements shall always be contained in the
                 code file, but by default conditional compilation
                 directives prevent their compilation.

       -v        Write a file containing a description of the parser and
                 a report of conflicts generated by ambiguities in the
                 grammar.

OPERANDS         top

       The following operand is required:

       grammar   A pathname of a file containing instructions, hereafter
                 called grammar, for which a parser is to be created.
                 The format for the grammar is described in the EXTENDED
                 DESCRIPTION section.

STDIN         top

       Not used.

INPUT FILES         top

       The file grammar shall be a text file formatted as specified in
       the EXTENDED DESCRIPTION section.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES         top

       The following environment variables shall affect the execution of
       yacc:

       LANG      Provide a default value for the internationalization
                 variables that are unset or null. (See the Base
                 Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Section 8.2,
                 Internationalization Variables for the precedence of
                 internationalization variables used to determine the
                 values of locale categories.)

       LC_ALL    If set to a non-empty string value, override the values
                 of all the other internationalization variables.

       LC_CTYPE  Determine the locale for the interpretation of
                 sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for
                 example, single-byte as opposed to multi-byte
                 characters in arguments and input files).

       LC_MESSAGES
                 Determine the locale that should be used to affect the
                 format and contents of diagnostic messages written to
                 standard error.

       NLSPATH   Determine the location of message catalogs for the
                 processing of LC_MESSAGES.

       The LANG and LC_* variables affect the execution of the yacc
       utility as stated. The main() function defined in Yacc Library
       shall call:

           setlocale(LC_ALL, "")

       and thus the program generated by yacc shall also be affected by
       the contents of these variables at runtime.

ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS         top

       Default.

STDOUT         top

       Not used.

STDERR         top

       If shift/reduce or reduce/reduce conflicts are detected in
       grammar, yacc shall write a report of those conflicts to the
       standard error in an unspecified format.

       Standard error shall also be used for diagnostic messages.

OUTPUT FILES         top

       The code file, the header file, and the description file shall be
       text files. All are described in the following sections.

   Code File
       This file shall contain the C source code for the yyparse()
       function. It shall contain code for the various semantic actions
       with macro substitution performed on them as described in the
       EXTENDED DESCRIPTION section. It also shall contain a copy of the
       #define statements in the header file. If a %union declaration is
       used, the declaration for YYSTYPE shall also be included in this
       file.

   Header File
       The header file shall contain #define statements that associate
       the token numbers with the token names. This allows source files
       other than the code file to access the token codes. If a %union
       declaration is used, the declaration for YYSTYPE and an extern
       YYSTYPE yylval declaration shall also be included in this file.

   Description File
       The description file shall be a text file containing a
       description of the state machine corresponding to the parser,
       using an unspecified format. Limits for internal tables (see
       Limits) shall also be reported, in an implementation-defined
       manner. (Some implementations may use dynamic allocation
       techniques and have no specific limit values to report.)

EXTENDED DESCRIPTION         top

       The yacc command accepts a language that is used to define a
       grammar for a target language to be parsed by the tables and code
       generated by yacc.  The language accepted by yacc as a grammar
       for the target language is described below using the yacc input
       language itself.

       The input grammar includes rules describing the input structure
       of the target language and code to be invoked when these rules
       are recognized to provide the associated semantic action. The
       code to be executed shall appear as bodies of text that are
       intended to be C-language code. These bodies of text shall not
       contain C-language trigraphs. The C-language inclusions are
       presumed to form a correct function when processed by yacc into
       its output files. The code included in this way shall be executed
       during the recognition of the target language.

       Given a grammar, the yacc utility generates the files described
       in the OUTPUT FILES section. The code file can be compiled and
       linked using c99.  If the declaration and programs sections of
       the grammar file did not include definitions of main(), yylex(),
       and yyerror(), the compiled output requires linking with
       externally supplied versions of those functions. Default versions
       of main() and yyerror() are supplied in the yacc library and can
       be linked in by using the -l y operand to c99.  The yacc library
       interfaces need not support interfaces with other than the
       default yy symbol prefix. The application provides the lexical
       analyzer function, yylex(); the lex utility is specifically
       designed to generate such a routine.

   Input Language
       The application shall ensure that every specification file
       consists of three sections in order: declarations, grammar rules,
       and programs, separated by double <percent-sign> characters
       ("%%").  The declarations and programs sections can be empty. If
       the latter is empty, the preceding "%%" mark separating it from
       the rules section can be omitted.

       The input is free form text following the structure of the
       grammar defined below.

   Lexical Structure of the Grammar
       The <blank>, <newline>, and <form-feed> character shall be
       ignored, except that the application shall ensure that they do
       not appear in names or multi-character reserved symbols. Comments
       shall be enclosed in "/* ... */", and can appear wherever a name
       is valid.

       Names are of arbitrary length, made up of letters, periods ('.'),
       underscores ('_'), and non-initial digits. Uppercase and
       lowercase letters are distinct.  Conforming applications shall
       not use names beginning in yy or YY since the yacc parser uses
       such names. Many of the names appear in the final output of yacc,
       and thus they should be chosen to conform with any additional
       rules created by the C compiler to be used. In particular they
       appear in #define statements.

       A literal shall consist of a single character enclosed in single-
       quote characters. All of the escape sequences supported for
       character constants by the ISO C standard shall be supported by
       yacc.

       The relationship with the lexical analyzer is discussed in detail
       below.

       The application shall ensure that the NUL character is not used
       in grammar rules or literals.

   Declarations Section
       The declarations section is used to define the symbols used to
       define the target language and their relationship with each
       other. In particular, much of the additional information required
       to resolve ambiguities in the context-free grammar for the target
       language is provided here.

       Usually yacc assigns the relationship between the symbolic names
       it generates and their underlying numeric value. The declarations
       section makes it possible to control the assignment of these
       values.

       It is also possible to keep semantic information associated with
       the tokens currently on the parse stack in a user-defined C-
       language union, if the members of the union are associated with
       the various names in the grammar. The declarations section
       provides for this as well.

       The first group of declarators below all take a list of names as
       arguments. That list can optionally be preceded by the name of a
       C union member (called a tag below) appearing within '<' and '>'.
       (As an exception to the typographical conventions of the rest of
       this volume of POSIX.1‐2017, in this case <tag> does not
       represent a metavariable, but the literal angle bracket
       characters surrounding a symbol.) The use of tag specifies that
       the tokens named on this line shall be of the same C type as the
       union member referenced by tag.  This is discussed in more detail
       below.

       For lists used to define tokens, the first appearance of a given
       token can be followed by a positive integer (as a string of
       decimal digits).  If this is done, the underlying value assigned
       to it for lexical purposes shall be taken to be that number.

       The following declares name to be a token:

           %token [<tag>] name [number] [name [number]]...

       If tag is present, the C type for all tokens on this line shall
       be declared to be the type referenced by tag.  If a positive
       integer, number, follows a name, that value shall be assigned to
       the token.

       The following declares name to be a token, and assigns precedence
       to it:

           %left [<tag>] name [number] [name [number]]...
           %right [<tag>] name [number] [name [number]]...

       One or more lines, each beginning with one of these symbols, can
       appear in this section. All tokens on the same line have the same
       precedence level and associativity; the lines are in order of
       increasing precedence or binding strength.  %left denotes that
       the operators on that line are left associative, and %right
       similarly denotes right associative operators. If tag is present,
       it shall declare a C type for names as described for %token.

       The following declares name to be a token, and indicates that
       this cannot be used associatively:

           %nonassoc [<tag>] name [number] [name [number]]...

       If the parser encounters associative use of this token it reports
       an error. If tag is present, it shall declare a C type for names
       as described for %token.

       The following declares that union member names are non-terminals,
       and thus it is required to have a tag field at its beginning:

           %type <tag> name...

       Because it deals with non-terminals only, assigning a token
       number or using a literal is also prohibited. If this construct
       is present, yacc shall perform type checking; if this construct
       is not present, the parse stack shall hold only the int type.

       Every name used in grammar not defined by a %token, %left,
       %right, or %nonassoc declaration is assumed to represent a non-
       terminal symbol. The yacc utility shall report an error for any
       non-terminal symbol that does not appear on the left side of at
       least one grammar rule.

       Once the type, precedence, or token number of a name is
       specified, it shall not be changed. If the first declaration of a
       token does not assign a token number, yacc shall assign a token
       number. Once this assignment is made, the token number shall not
       be changed by explicit assignment.

       The following declarators do not follow the previous pattern.

       The following declares the non-terminal name to be the start
       symbol, which represents the largest, most general structure
       described by the grammar rules:

           %start name

       By default, it is the left-hand side of the first grammar rule;
       this default can be overridden with this declaration.

       The following declares the yacc value stack to be a union of the
       various types of values desired.

           %union { body of union (in C) }

       The body of the union shall not contain unbalanced curly brace
       preprocessing tokens.

       By default, the values returned by actions (see below) and the
       lexical analyzer shall be of type int.  The yacc utility keeps
       track of types, and it shall insert corresponding union member
       names in order to perform strict type checking of the resulting
       parser.

       Alternatively, given that at least one <tag> construct is used,
       the union can be declared in a header file (which shall be
       included in the declarations section by using a #include
       construct within %{ and %}), and a typedef used to define the
       symbol YYSTYPE to represent this union. The effect of %union is
       to provide the declaration of YYSTYPE directly from the yacc
       input.

       C-language declarations and definitions can appear in the
       declarations section, enclosed by the following marks:

           %{ ... %}

       These statements shall be copied into the code file, and have
       global scope within it so that they can be used in the rules and
       program sections. The statements shall not contain "%}" outside a
       comment, string literal, or multi-character constant.

       The application shall ensure that the declarations section is
       terminated by the token %%.

   Grammar Rules in yacc
       The rules section defines the context-free grammar to be accepted
       by the function yacc generates, and associates with those rules
       C-language actions and additional precedence information. The
       grammar is described below, and a formal definition follows.

       The rules section is comprised of one or more grammar rules. A
       grammar rule has the form:

           A : BODY ;

       The symbol A represents a non-terminal name, and BODY represents
       a sequence of zero or more names, literals, and semantic actions
       that can then be followed by optional precedence rules.  Only the
       names and literals participate in the formation of the grammar;
       the semantic actions and precedence rules are used in other ways.
       The <colon> and the <semicolon> are yacc punctuation. If there
       are several successive grammar rules with the same left-hand
       side, the <vertical-line> ('|') can be used to avoid rewriting
       the left-hand side; in this case the <semicolon> appears only
       after the last rule. The BODY part can be empty (or empty of
       names and literals) to indicate that the non-terminal symbol
       matches the empty string.

       The yacc utility assigns a unique number to each rule. Rules
       using the vertical bar notation are distinct rules. The number
       assigned to the rule appears in the description file.

       The elements comprising a BODY are:

       name, literal
                 These form the rules of the grammar: name is either a
                 token or a non-terminal; literal stands for itself
                 (less the lexically required quotation marks).

       semantic action
                 With each grammar rule, the user can associate actions
                 to be performed each time the rule is recognized in the
                 input process. (Note that the word ``action'' can also
                 refer to the actions of the parser—shift, reduce, and
                 so on.)

                 These actions can return values and can obtain the
                 values returned by previous actions. These values are
                 kept in objects of type YYSTYPE (see %union).  The
                 result value of the action shall be kept on the parse
                 stack with the left-hand side of the rule, to be
                 accessed by other reductions as part of their right-
                 hand side. By using the <tag> information provided in
                 the declarations section, the code generated by yacc
                 can be strictly type checked and contain arbitrary
                 information. In addition, the lexical analyzer can
                 provide the same kinds of values for tokens, if
                 desired.

                 An action is an arbitrary C statement and as such can
                 do input or output, call subprograms, and alter
                 external variables. An action is one or more C
                 statements enclosed in curly braces '{' and '}'.  The
                 statements shall not contain unbalanced curly brace
                 preprocessing tokens.

                 Certain pseudo-variables can be used in the action.
                 These are macros for access to data structures known
                 internally to yacc.

                 $$        The value of the action can be set by
                           assigning it to $$. If type checking is
                           enabled and the type of the value to be
                           assigned cannot be determined, a diagnostic
                           message may be generated.

                 $number   This refers to the value returned by the
                           component specified by the token number in
                           the right side of a rule, reading from left
                           to right; number can be zero or negative. If
                           number is zero or negative, it refers to the
                           data associated with the name on the parser's
                           stack preceding the leftmost symbol of the
                           current rule.  (That is, "$0" refers to the
                           name immediately preceding the leftmost name
                           in the current rule to be found on the
                           parser's stack and "$-1" refers to the symbol
                           to its left.) If number refers to an element
                           past the current point in the rule, or beyond
                           the bottom of the stack, the result is
                           undefined. If type checking is enabled and
                           the type of the value to be assigned cannot
                           be determined, a diagnostic message may be
                           generated.

                 $<tag>number
                           These correspond exactly to the corresponding
                           symbols without the tag inclusion, but allow
                           for strict type checking (and preclude
                           unwanted type conversions). The effect is
                           that the macro is expanded to use tag to
                           select an element from the YYSTYPE union
                           (using dataname.tag).  This is particularly
                           useful if number is not positive.

                 $<tag>$   This imposes on the reference the type of the
                           union member referenced by tag.  This
                           construction is applicable when a reference
                           to a left context value occurs in the
                           grammar, and provides yacc with a means for
                           selecting a type.

                 Actions can occur anywhere in a rule (not just at the
                 end); an action can access values returned by actions
                 to its left, and in turn the value it returns can be
                 accessed by actions to its right. An action appearing
                 in the middle of a rule shall be equivalent to
                 replacing the action with a new non-terminal symbol and
                 adding an empty rule with that non-terminal symbol on
                 the left-hand side. The semantic action associated with
                 the new rule shall be equivalent to the original
                 action. The use of actions within rules might introduce
                 conflicts that would not otherwise exist.

                 By default, the value of a rule shall be the value of
                 the first element in it. If the first element does not
                 have a type (particularly in the case of a literal) and
                 type checking is turned on by %type, an error message
                 shall result.

       precedence
                 The keyword %prec can be used to change the precedence
                 level associated with a particular grammar rule.
                 Examples of this are in cases where a unary and binary
                 operator have the same symbolic representation, but
                 need to be given different precedences, or where the
                 handling of an ambiguous if-else construction is
                 necessary. The reserved symbol %prec can appear
                 immediately after the body of the grammar rule and can
                 be followed by a token name or a literal. It shall
                 cause the precedence of the grammar rule to become that
                 of the following token name or literal. The action for
                 the rule as a whole can follow %prec.

       If a program section follows, the application shall ensure that
       the grammar rules are terminated by %%.

   Programs Section
       The programs section can include the definition of the lexical
       analyzer yylex(), and any other functions; for example, those
       used in the actions specified in the grammar rules. It is
       unspecified whether the programs section precedes or follows the
       semantic actions in the output file; therefore, if the
       application contains any macro definitions and declarations
       intended to apply to the code in the semantic actions, it shall
       place them within "%{ ... %}" in the declarations section.

   Input Grammar
       The following input to yacc yields a parser for the input to
       yacc.  This formal syntax takes precedence over the preceding
       text syntax description.

       The lexical structure is defined less precisely; Lexical
       Structure of the Grammar defines most terms. The correspondence
       between the previous terms and the tokens below is as follows.

       IDENTIFIER  This corresponds to the concept of name, given
                   previously. It also includes literals as defined
                   previously.

       C_IDENTIFIER
                   This is a name, and additionally it is known to be
                   followed by a <colon>.  A literal cannot yield this
                   token.

       NUMBER      A string of digits (a non-negative decimal integer).

       TYPE, LEFT, MARK, LCURL, RCURL
                   These correspond directly to %type, %left, %%, %{,
                   and %}.

       { ... }     This indicates C-language source code, with the
                   possible inclusion of '$' macros as discussed
                   previously.

           /* Grammar for the input to yacc. */
           /* Basic entries. */
           /* The following are recognized by the lexical analyzer. */

           %token    IDENTIFIER      /* Includes identifiers and literals */
           %token    C_IDENTIFIER    /* identifier (but not literal)
                                        followed by a :. */
           %token    NUMBER          /* [0-9][0-9]* */

           /* Reserved words : %type=>TYPE %left=>LEFT, and so on */

           %token    LEFT RIGHT NONASSOC TOKEN PREC TYPE START UNION

           %token    MARK            /* The %% mark. */
           %token    LCURL           /* The %{ mark. */
           %token    RCURL           /* The %} mark. */

           /* 8-bit character literals stand for themselves; */
           /* tokens have to be defined for multi-byte characters. */

           %start    spec

           %%

           spec  : defs MARK rules tail
                 ;
           tail  : MARK
                 {
                   /* In this action, set up the rest of the file. */
                 }
                 | /* Empty; the second MARK is optional. */
                 ;
           defs  : /* Empty. */
                 |    defs def
                 ;
           def   : START IDENTIFIER
                 |    UNION
                 {
                   /* Copy union definition to output. */
                 }
                 |    LCURL
                 {
                   /* Copy C code to output file. */
                 }
                   RCURL
                 |    rword tag nlist
                 ;
           rword : TOKEN
                 | LEFT
                 | RIGHT
                 | NONASSOC
                 | TYPE
                 ;
           tag   : /* Empty: union tag ID optional. */
                 | '<' IDENTIFIER '>'
                 ;
           nlist : nmno
                 | nlist nmno
                 ;
           nmno  : IDENTIFIER         /* Note: literal invalid with % type. */
                 | IDENTIFIER NUMBER  /* Note: invalid with % type. */
                 ;

           /* Rule section */

           rules : C_IDENTIFIER rbody prec
                 | rules  rule
                 ;
           rule  : C_IDENTIFIER rbody prec
                 | '|' rbody prec
                 ;
           rbody : /* empty */
                 | rbody IDENTIFIER
                 | rbody act
                 ;
           act   : '{'
                   {
                     /* Copy action, translate $$, and so on. */
                   }
                   '}'
                 ;
           prec  : /* Empty */
                 | PREC IDENTIFIER
                 | PREC IDENTIFIER act
                 | prec ';'
                 ;

   Conflicts
       The parser produced for an input grammar may contain states in
       which conflicts occur. The conflicts occur because the grammar is
       not LALR(1). An ambiguous grammar always contains at least one
       LALR(1) conflict. The yacc utility shall resolve all conflicts,
       using either default rules or user-specified precedence rules.

       Conflicts are either shift/reduce conflicts or reduce/reduce
       conflicts. A shift/reduce conflict is where, for a given state
       and lookahead symbol, both a shift action and a reduce action are
       possible. A reduce/reduce conflict is where, for a given state
       and lookahead symbol, reductions by two different rules are
       possible.

       The rules below describe how to specify what actions to take when
       a conflict occurs. Not all shift/reduce conflicts can be
       successfully resolved this way because the conflict may be due to
       something other than ambiguity, so incautious use of these
       facilities can cause the language accepted by the parser to be
       much different from that which was intended. The description file
       shall contain sufficient information to understand the cause of
       the conflict. Where ambiguity is the reason either the default or
       explicit rules should be adequate to produce a working parser.

       The declared precedences and associativities (see Declarations
       Section) are used to resolve parsing conflicts as follows:

        1. A precedence and associativity is associated with each
           grammar rule; it is the precedence and associativity of the
           last token or literal in the body of the rule. If the %prec
           keyword is used, it overrides this default. Some grammar
           rules might not have both precedence and associativity.

        2. If there is a shift/reduce conflict, and both the grammar
           rule and the input symbol have precedence and associativity
           associated with them, then the conflict is resolved in favor
           of the action (shift or reduce) associated with the higher
           precedence. If the precedences are the same, then the
           associativity is used; left associative implies reduce, right
           associative implies shift, and non-associative implies an
           error in the string being parsed.

        3. When there is a shift/reduce conflict that cannot be resolved
           by rule 2, the shift is done. Conflicts resolved this way are
           counted in the diagnostic output described in Error Handling.

        4. When there is a reduce/reduce conflict, a reduction is done
           by the grammar rule that occurs earlier in the input
           sequence. Conflicts resolved this way are counted in the
           diagnostic output described in Error Handling.

       Conflicts resolved by precedence or associativity shall not be
       counted in the shift/reduce and reduce/reduce conflicts reported
       by yacc on either standard error or in the description file.

   Error Handling
       The token error shall be reserved for error handling. The name
       error can be used in grammar rules. It indicates places where the
       parser can recover from a syntax error. The default value of
       error shall be 256. Its value can be changed using a %token
       declaration. The lexical analyzer should not return the value of
       error.

       The parser shall detect a syntax error when it is in a state
       where the action associated with the lookahead symbol is error.
       A semantic action can cause the parser to initiate error handling
       by executing the macro YYERROR. When YYERROR is executed, the
       semantic action passes control back to the parser. YYERROR cannot
       be used outside of semantic actions.

       When the parser detects a syntax error, it normally calls
       yyerror() with the character string "syntax error" as its
       argument. The call shall not be made if the parser is still
       recovering from a previous error when the error is detected. The
       parser is considered to be recovering from a previous error until
       the parser has shifted over at least three normal input symbols
       since the last error was detected or a semantic action has
       executed the macro yyerrok.  The parser shall not call yyerror()
       when YYERROR is executed.

       The macro function YYRECOVERING shall return 1 if a syntax error
       has been detected and the parser has not yet fully recovered from
       it.  Otherwise, zero shall be returned.

       When a syntax error is detected by the parser, the parser shall
       check if a previous syntax error has been detected. If a previous
       error was detected, and if no normal input symbols have been
       shifted since the preceding error was detected, the parser checks
       if the lookahead symbol is an endmarker (see Interface to the
       Lexical Analyzer).  If it is, the parser shall return with a non-
       zero value. Otherwise, the lookahead symbol shall be discarded
       and normal parsing shall resume.

       When YYERROR is executed or when the parser detects a syntax
       error and no previous error has been detected, or at least one
       normal input symbol has been shifted since the previous error was
       detected, the parser shall pop back one state at a time until the
       parse stack is empty or the current state allows a shift over
       error.  If the parser empties the parse stack, it shall return
       with a non-zero value. Otherwise, it shall shift over error and
       then resume normal parsing. If the parser reads a lookahead
       symbol before the error was detected, that symbol shall still be
       the lookahead symbol when parsing is resumed.

       The macro yyerrok in a semantic action shall cause the parser to
       act as if it has fully recovered from any previous errors. The
       macro yyclearin shall cause the parser to discard the current
       lookahead token. If the current lookahead token has not yet been
       read, yyclearin shall have no effect.

       The macro YYACCEPT shall cause the parser to return with the
       value zero. The macro YYABORT shall cause the parser to return
       with a non-zero value.

   Interface to the Lexical Analyzer
       The yylex() function is an integer-valued function that returns a
       token number representing the kind of token read. If there is a
       value associated with the token returned by yylex() (see the
       discussion of tag above), it shall be assigned to the external
       variable yylval.

       If the parser and yylex() do not agree on these token numbers,
       reliable communication between them cannot occur. For (single-
       byte character) literals, the token is simply the numeric value
       of the character in the current character set.  The numbers for
       other tokens can either be chosen by yacc, or chosen by the user.
       In either case, the #define construct of C is used to allow
       yylex() to return these numbers symbolically. The #define
       statements are put into the code file, and the header file if
       that file is requested. The set of characters permitted by yacc
       in an identifier is larger than that permitted by C. Token names
       found to contain such characters shall not be included in the
       #define declarations.

       If the token numbers are chosen by yacc, the tokens other than
       literals shall be assigned numbers greater than 256, although no
       order is implied. A token can be explicitly assigned a number by
       following its first appearance in the declarations section with a
       number. Names and literals not defined this way retain their
       default definition. All token numbers assigned by yacc shall be
       unique and distinct from the token numbers used for literals and
       user-assigned tokens. If duplicate token numbers cause conflicts
       in parser generation, yacc shall report an error; otherwise, it
       is unspecified whether the token assignment is accepted or an
       error is reported.

       The end of the input is marked by a special token called the
       endmarker, which has a token number that is zero or negative.
       (These values are invalid for any other token.) All lexical
       analyzers shall return zero or negative as a token number upon
       reaching the end of their input. If the tokens up to, but
       excluding, the endmarker form a structure that matches the start
       symbol, the parser shall accept the input. If the endmarker is
       seen in any other context, it shall be considered an error.

   Completing the Program
       In addition to yyparse() and yylex(), the functions yyerror() and
       main() are required to make a complete program. The application
       can supply main() and yyerror(), or those routines can be
       obtained from the yacc library.

   Yacc Library
       The following functions shall appear only in the yacc library
       accessible through the -l y operand to c99; they can therefore be
       redefined by a conforming application:

       int main(void)
             This function shall call yyparse() and exit with an
             unspecified value. Other actions within this function are
             unspecified.

       int yyerror(const char *s)
             This function shall write the NUL-terminated argument to
             standard error, followed by a <newline>.

       The order of the -l y and -l l operands given to c99 is
       significant; the application shall either provide its own main()
       function or ensure that -l y precedes -l l.

   Debugging the Parser
       The parser generated by yacc shall have diagnostic facilities in
       it that can be optionally enabled at either compile time or at
       runtime (if enabled at compile time).  The compilation of the
       runtime debugging code is under the control of YYDEBUG, a
       preprocessor symbol. If YYDEBUG has a non-zero value, the
       debugging code shall be included. If its value is zero, the code
       shall not be included.

       In parsers where the debugging code has been included, the
       external int yydebug can be used to turn debugging on (with a
       non-zero value) and off (zero value) at runtime. The initial
       value of yydebug shall be zero.

       When -t is specified, the code file shall be built such that, if
       YYDEBUG is not already defined at compilation time (using the c99
       -D YYDEBUG option, for example), YYDEBUG shall be set explicitly
       to 1.  When -t is not specified, the code file shall be built
       such that, if YYDEBUG is not already defined, it shall be set
       explicitly to zero.

       The format of the debugging output is unspecified but includes at
       least enough information to determine the shift and reduce
       actions, and the input symbols. It also provides information
       about error recovery.

   Algorithms
       The parser constructed by yacc implements an LALR(1) parsing
       algorithm as documented in the literature. It is unspecified
       whether the parser is table-driven or direct-coded.

       A parser generated by yacc shall never request an input symbol
       from yylex() while in a state where the only actions other than
       the error action are reductions by a single rule.

       The literature of parsing theory defines these concepts.

   Limits
       The yacc utility may have several internal tables. The minimum
       maximums for these tables are shown in the following table. The
       exact meaning of these values is implementation-defined. The
       implementation shall define the relationship between these values
       and between them and any error messages that the implementation
       may generate should it run out of space for any internal
       structure. An implementation may combine groups of these
       resources into a single pool as long as the total available to
       the user does not fall below the sum of the sizes specified by
       this section.

                        Table: Internal Limits in yacc
          ┌────────────┬─────────┬────────────────────────────────┐
          │            │ Minimum │                                │
          │   Limit    Maximum Description           │
          ├────────────┼─────────┼────────────────────────────────┤
          │ {NTERMS}   │   126   │ Number of tokens.              │
          │ {NNONTERM} │   200   │ Number of non-terminals.       │
          │ {NPROD}    │   300   │ Number of rules.               │
          │ {NSTATES}  │   600   │ Number of states.              │
          │ {MEMSIZE}  │  5200   │ Length of rules. The total     │
          │            │         │ length, in names (tokens and   │
          │            │         │ non-terminals), of all the     │
          │            │         │ rules of the grammar. The      │
          │            │         │ left-hand side is counted for  │
          │            │         │ each rule, even if it is not   │
          │            │         │ explicitly repeated, as        │
          │            │         │ specified in Grammar Rules in  │
          │            │         │ yacc.                          │
          │ {ACTSIZE}  │  4000   │ Number of actions. ``Actions'' │
          │            │         │ here (and in the description   │
          │            │         │ file) refer to parser actions  │
          │            │         │ (shift, reduce, and so on) not │
          │            │         │ to semantic actions defined in │
          │            │         │ Grammar Rules in yacc.         │
          └────────────┴─────────┴────────────────────────────────┘

EXIT STATUS         top

       The following exit values shall be returned:

        0    Successful completion.

       >0    An error occurred.

CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS         top

       If any errors are encountered, the run is aborted and yacc exits
       with a non-zero status. Partial code files and header files may
       be produced. The summary information in the description file
       shall always be produced if the -v flag is present.

       The following sections are informative.

APPLICATION USAGE         top

       Historical implementations experience name conflicts on the names
       yacc.tmp, yacc.acts, yacc.debug, y.tab.c, y.tab.h, and y.output
       if more than one copy of yacc is running in a single directory at
       one time. The -b option was added to overcome this problem. The
       related problem of allowing multiple yacc parsers to be placed in
       the same file was addressed by adding a -p option to override the
       previously hard-coded yy variable prefix.

       The description of the -p option specifies the minimal set of
       function and variable names that cause conflict when multiple
       parsers are linked together. YYSTYPE does not need to be changed.
       Instead, the programmer can use -b to give the header files for
       different parsers different names, and then the file with the
       yylex() for a given parser can include the header for that
       parser. Names such as yyclearerr do not need to be changed
       because they are used only in the actions; they do not have
       linkage. It is possible that an implementation has other names,
       either internal ones for implementing things such as yyclearerr,
       or providing non-standard features that it wants to change with
       -p.

       Unary operators that are the same token as a binary operator in
       general need their precedence adjusted. This is handled by the
       %prec advisory symbol associated with the particular grammar rule
       defining that unary operator. (See Grammar Rules in yacc.)
       Applications are not required to use this operator for unary
       operators, but the grammars that do not require it are rare.

EXAMPLES         top

       Access to the yacc library is obtained with library search
       operands to c99.  To use the yacc library main():

           c99 y.tab.c -l y

       Both the lex library and the yacc library contain main().  To
       access the yacc main():

           c99 y.tab.c lex.yy.c -l y -l l

       This ensures that the yacc library is searched first, so that its
       main() is used.

       The historical yacc libraries have contained two simple functions
       that are normally coded by the application programmer. These
       functions are similar to the following code:

           #include <locale.h>
           int main(void)
           {
               extern int yyparse();

               setlocale(LC_ALL, "");

               /* If the following parser is one created by lex, the
                  application must be careful to ensure that LC_CTYPE
                  and LC_COLLATE are set to the POSIX locale. */
               (void) yyparse();
               return (0);
           }

           #include <stdio.h>

           int yyerror(const char *msg)
           {
               (void) fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", msg);
               return (0);
           }

RATIONALE         top

       The references in Referenced Documents may be helpful in
       constructing the parser generator. The referenced DeRemer and
       Pennello article (along with the works it references) describes a
       technique to generate parsers that conform to this volume of
       POSIX.1‐2017. Work in this area continues to be done, so
       implementors should consult current literature before doing any
       new implementations. The original Knuth article is the
       theoretical basis for this kind of parser, but the tables it
       generates are impractically large for reasonable grammars and
       should not be used. The ``equivalent to'' wording is intentional
       to assure that the best tables that are LALR(1) can be generated.

       There has been confusion between the class of grammars, the
       algorithms needed to generate parsers, and the algorithms needed
       to parse the languages. They are all reasonably orthogonal. In
       particular, a parser generator that accepts the full range of
       LR(1) grammars need not generate a table any more complex than
       one that accepts SLR(1) (a relatively weak class of LR grammars)
       for a grammar that happens to be SLR(1). Such an implementation
       need not recognize the case, either; table compression can yield
       the SLR(1) table (or one even smaller than that) without
       recognizing that the grammar is SLR(1).  The speed of an LR(1)
       parser for any class is dependent more upon the table
       representation and compression (or the code generation if a
       direct parser is generated) than upon the class of grammar that
       the table generator handles.

       The speed of the parser generator is somewhat dependent upon the
       class of grammar it handles. However, the original Knuth article
       algorithms for constructing LR parsers were judged by its author
       to be impractically slow at that time. Although full LR is more
       complex than LALR(1), as computer speeds and algorithms improve,
       the difference (in terms of acceptable wall-clock execution time)
       is becoming less significant.

       Potential authors are cautioned that the referenced DeRemer and
       Pennello article previously cited identifies a bug (an over-
       simplification of the computation of LALR(1) lookahead sets) in
       some of the LALR(1) algorithm statements that preceded it to
       publication. They should take the time to seek out that paper, as
       well as current relevant work, particularly Aho's.

       The -b option was added to provide a portable method for
       permitting yacc to work on multiple separate parsers in the same
       directory. If a directory contains more than one yacc grammar,
       and both grammars are constructed at the same time (by, for
       example, a parallel make program), conflict results. While the
       solution is not historical practice, it corrects a known
       deficiency in historical implementations.  Corresponding changes
       were made to all sections that referenced the filenames y.tab.c
       (now ``the code file''), y.tab.h (now ``the header file''), and
       y.output (now ``the description file'').

       The grammar for yacc input is based on System V documentation.
       The textual description shows there that the ';' is required at
       the end of the rule. The grammar and the implementation do not
       require this. (The use of C_IDENTIFIER causes a reduce to occur
       in the right place.)

       Also, in that implementation, the constructs such as %token can
       be terminated by a <semicolon>, but this is not permitted by the
       grammar. The keywords such as %token can also appear in
       uppercase, which is again not discussed. In most places where '%'
       is used, <backslash> can be substituted, and there are alternate
       spellings for some of the symbols (for example, %LEFT can be "%<"
       or even "\<").

       Historically, <tag> can contain any characters except '>',
       including white space, in the implementation. However, since the
       tag must reference an ISO C standard union member, in practice
       conforming implementations need to support only the set of
       characters for ISO C standard identifiers in this context.

       Some historical implementations are known to accept actions that
       are terminated by a period. Historical implementations often
       allow '$' in names. A conforming implementation does not need to
       support either of these behaviors.

       Deciding when to use %prec illustrates the difficulty in
       specifying the behavior of yacc.  There may be situations in
       which the grammar is not, strictly speaking, in error, and yet
       yacc cannot interpret it unambiguously. The resolution of
       ambiguities in the grammar can in many instances be resolved by
       providing additional information, such as using %type or %union
       declarations. It is often easier and it usually yields a smaller
       parser to take this alternative when it is appropriate.

       The size and execution time of a program produced without the
       runtime debugging code is usually smaller and slightly faster in
       historical implementations.

       Statistics messages from several historical implementations
       include the following types of information:

           n/512 terminals, n/300 non-terminals
           n/600 grammar rules, n/1500 states
           n shift/reduce, n reduce/reduce conflicts reported
           n/350 working sets used
           Memory: states, etc. n/15000, parser n/15000
           n/600 distinct lookahead sets
           n extra closures
           n shift entries, n exceptions
           n goto entries
           n entries saved by goto default
           Optimizer space used: input n/15000, output n/15000
           n table entries, n zero
           Maximum spread: n, Maximum offset: n

       The report of internal tables in the description file is left
       implementation-defined because all aspects of these limits are
       also implementation-defined. Some implementations may use dynamic
       allocation techniques and have no specific limit values to
       report.

       The format of the y.output file is not given because
       specification of the format was not seen to enhance applications
       portability. The listing is primarily intended to help human
       users understand and debug the parser; use of y.output by a
       conforming application script would be unusual. Furthermore,
       implementations have not produced consistent output and no
       popular format was apparent. The format selected by the
       implementation should be human-readable, in addition to the
       requirement that it be a text file.

       Standard error reports are not specifically described because
       they are seldom of use to conforming applications and there was
       no reason to restrict implementations.

       Some implementations recognize "={" as equivalent to '{' because
       it appears in historical documentation. This construction was
       recognized and documented as obsolete as long ago as 1978, in the
       referenced Yacc: Yet Another Compiler-Compiler. This volume of
       POSIX.1‐2017 chose to leave it as obsolete and omit it.

       Multi-byte characters should be recognized by the lexical
       analyzer and returned as tokens. They should not be returned as
       multi-byte character literals. The token error that is used for
       error recovery is normally assigned the value 256 in the
       historical implementation. Thus, the token value 256, which is
       used in many multi-byte character sets, is not available for use
       as the value of a user-defined token.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS         top

       None.

SEE ALSO         top

       c99(1p), lex(1p)

       The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, Chapter 8,
       Environment Variables, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax Guidelines

COPYRIGHT         top

       Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic
       form from IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, Standard for Information
       Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The
       Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, 2018 Edition, Copyright
       (C) 2018 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
       Engineers, Inc and The Open Group.  In the event of any
       discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and The
       Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group
       Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be
       obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

       Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page
       are most likely to have been introduced during the conversion of
       the source files to man page format. To report such errors, see
       https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .

IEEE/The Open Group               2017                          YACC(1P)

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