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NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | SETUID AND SETGID BITS | RESTRICTED DELETION FLAG OR STICKY BIT | OPTIONS | AUTHOR | REPORTING BUGS | COPYRIGHT | SEE ALSO | COLOPHON |
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CHMOD(1) User Commands CHMOD(1)
chmod - change file mode bits
chmod [OPTION]... MODE[,MODE]... FILE...
chmod [OPTION]... OCTAL-MODE FILE...
chmod [OPTION]... --reference=RFILE FILE...
This manual page documents the GNU version of chmod. chmod
changes the file mode bits of each given file according to mode,
which can be either a symbolic representation of changes to make,
or an octal number representing the bit pattern for the new mode
bits.
The format of a symbolic mode is [ugoa...][[-+=][perms...]...],
where perms is either zero or more letters from the set rwxXst,
or a single letter from the set ugo. Multiple symbolic modes can
be given, separated by commas.
A combination of the letters ugoa controls which users' access to
the file will be changed: the user who owns it (u), other users
in the file's group (g), other users not in the file's group (o),
or all users (a). If none of these are given, the effect is as
if (a) were given, but bits that are set in the umask are not
affected.
The operator + causes the selected file mode bits to be added to
the existing file mode bits of each file; - causes them to be
removed; and = causes them to be added and causes unmentioned
bits to be removed except that a directory's unmentioned set user
and group ID bits are not affected.
The letters rwxXst select file mode bits for the affected users:
read (r), write (w), execute (or search for directories) (x),
execute/search only if the file is a directory or already has
execute permission for some user (X), set user or group ID on
execution (s), restricted deletion flag or sticky bit (t).
Instead of one or more of these letters, you can specify exactly
one of the letters ugo: the permissions granted to the user who
owns the file (u), the permissions granted to other users who are
members of the file's group (g), and the permissions granted to
users that are in neither of the two preceding categories (o).
A numeric mode is from one to four octal digits (0-7), derived by
adding up the bits with values 4, 2, and 1. Omitted digits are
assumed to be leading zeros. The first digit selects the set
user ID (4) and set group ID (2) and restricted deletion or
sticky (1) attributes. The second digit selects permissions for
the user who owns the file: read (4), write (2), and execute (1);
the third selects permissions for other users in the file's
group, with the same values; and the fourth for other users not
in the file's group, with the same values.
chmod doesn't change the permissions of symbolic links; the chmod
system call cannot change their permissions on most systems, and
most systems ignore permissions of symbolic links. However, for
each symbolic link listed on the command line, chmod changes the
permissions of the pointed-to file. In contrast, chmod ignores
symbolic links encountered during recursive directory traversals.
Options that modify this behavior are described in the OPTIONS
section.
chmod clears the set-group-ID bit of a regular file if the file's
group ID does not match the user's effective group ID or one of
the user's supplementary group IDs, unless the user has
appropriate privileges. Additional restrictions may cause the
set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits of MODE or RFILE to be ignored.
This behavior depends on the policy and functionality of the
underlying chmod system call. When in doubt, check the
underlying system behavior.
For directories chmod preserves set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits
unless you explicitly specify otherwise. You can set or clear
the bits with symbolic modes like u+s and g-s. To clear these
bits for directories with a numeric mode requires an additional
leading zero like 00755, leading minus like -6000, or leading
equals like =755.
The restricted deletion flag or sticky bit is a single bit, whose
interpretation depends on the file type. For directories, it
prevents unprivileged users from removing or renaming a file in
the directory unless they own the file or the directory; this is
called the restricted deletion flag for the directory, and is
commonly found on world-writable directories like /tmp. For
regular files on some older systems, the bit saves the program's
text image on the swap device so it will load more quickly when
run; this is called the sticky bit.
Change the mode of each FILE to MODE. With --reference, change
the mode of each FILE to that of RFILE.
-c, --changes
like verbose but report only when a change is made
-f, --silent, --quiet
suppress most error messages
-v, --verbose
output a diagnostic for every file processed
--dereference
affect the referent of each symbolic link, rather than the
symbolic link itself
-h, --no-dereference
affect each symbolic link, rather than the referent
--no-preserve-root
do not treat '/' specially (the default)
--preserve-root
fail to operate recursively on '/'
--reference=RFILE
use RFILE's mode instead of specifying MODE values. RFILE
is always dereferenced if a symbolic link.
-R, --recursive
change files and directories recursively
The following options modify how a hierarchy is traversed when
the -R option is also specified. If more than one is specified,
only the final one takes effect. '-H' is the default.
-H if a command line argument is a symbolic link to a
directory, traverse it
-L traverse every symbolic link to a directory encountered
-P do not traverse any symbolic links
--help display this help and exit
--version
output version information and exit
Each MODE is of the form
'[ugoa]*([-+=]([rwxXst]*|[ugo]))+|[-+=][0-7]+'.
Written by David MacKenzie and Jim Meyering.
GNU coreutils online help:
<https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
Report any translation bugs to
<https://translationproject.org/team/>
Copyright © 2024 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+:
GNU GPL version 3 or later <https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute
it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
chmod(2)
Full documentation <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/chmod>
or available locally via: info '(coreutils) chmod invocation'
This page is part of the coreutils (basic file, shell and text
manipulation utilities) project. Information about the project
can be found at ⟨http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/⟩. If you
have a bug report for this manual page, see
⟨http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/⟩. This page was obtained
from the tarball coreutils-9.5.tar.xz fetched from
⟨http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/coreutils/⟩ on 2024-06-14. If you
discover any rendering problems in this HTML version of the page,
or you believe there is a better or more up-to-date source for
the page, or you have corrections or improvements to the
information in this COLOPHON (which is not part of the original
manual page), send a mail to man-pages@man7.org
GNU coreutils 9.5 March 2024 CHMOD(1)
Pages that refer to this page: bash(1), chacl(1), find(1), indomcachectl(1), nfs4_setfacl(1), rsync(1), setfacl(1), chmod(2), fcntl(2), lp(4), rsyncd.conf(5), path_resolution(7), symlink(7), xattr(7)
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HTML rendering created 2024-06-26 by Michael Kerrisk, author of The Linux Programming Interface. For details of in-depth Linux/UNIX system programming training courses that I teach, look here. Hosting by jambit GmbH. |
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